These tests are often referred to as " unpaired " or " independent samples " t-tests, as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping.

These atoms or electrons are said to have unpaired spins that are detected in electron spin resonance.

These same oscillating dipoles also generate the reflected light.

These forces dominate the interaction of non-polar molecules, and also play a less significant role in van der Waals forces than molecules containing permanent dipoles or ionized molecules.

These arrays consist of half-wavelength dipoles with a phase shifting method between each element that ensures the current in each dipole is in phase.

These approaches can be based on experimental data such as dipoles and electronegativities.

These dipoles modify the light velocity by a factor n ( the refractive index ).

These deflections produce emission of broadband synchrotron radiation much like that of a bending magnet, but the intensity is higher due to the contribution of many magnet dipoles in the wiggler.

These can be defined also as single equivalent dipoles.

These personal and social goals often overshadow the goals of intellectual clarity, and spiritual transcendence.

These students, although they might read various articles in popular magazines, more often chose to report on articles found in the journals.

These were often carefully written out with a great deal of thought behind them.

These cases, for all their rarity, are so dramatic that friends and relations repeat the story until the general population may get an entirely false notion of how often the hymen is a serious problem to newly-weds.

These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not show the disk of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active comet, but as small objects in the outer Solar System were discovered, their volatile-based surfaces were found to more closely resemble comets, and so were often distinguished from traditional asteroids.

These villages, called pueblos by Spanish settlers, were often only accessible by rope or through rock climbing.

These surfacing stones were often placed in distinctive patterns.

These modifications are often essential for the function or regulation of a protein ; for example, the carboxylation of glutamate allows for better binding of calcium cations, and the hydroxylation of proline is critical for maintaining connective tissues.

These measured positions are then compared with those calculated by the laws of celestial mechanics: an assembly of calculated positions is often referred to as an ephemeris, in which distances are commonly calculated in astronomical units.

These and most other cities and large towns are now connected with asphalt-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a four-wheel-drive vehicle.

These Abrasax-stones often bear Hebraic names of God: Iao, Sabaoth, Adonai, Eloai.

These brokers often traded stocks that were speculative in nature.

These bases were prepared in advance, often by capturing an estate and augmenting its defences with surrounding ditches, ramparts and palisades.

These dilemmas are often regarded as conflicts between his view on international relations and his other loyalties.

These art pieces often served a liturgical function, whether as chalices or even as church buildings themselves.

These three personages are often difficult to tell apart, and even the ancient mythographers appear to have been perplexed about which Aeolus was which.

These guitars are most commonly used by swing and jazz players and often incorporate electronics in the form of a pickup.

These edicts often pertained to matters such as the regulation of the public markets, or what we might call " economic regulation ".

These assist in flotation, together with the vacuoles in the ectoplasm, which often contain zooxanthellae.

These effects, often several of them at a time, made it very difficult for World War II era aircraft to reach speeds much beyond 800 km / h ( 500 mph ).

These include serotonin-dopamine antagonists ( see dopamine antagonist and serotonin antagonist ), multi-acting receptor-targeted antipsychotics ( MARTA, those targeting several systems ), and dopamine partial agonists, which are often categorized as atypicals.

These two values are often interpreted as binary digits and are usually denoted by the numerical digits 0 and 1.

These BBSes often had multiple modems and phone lines, allowing several users to upload and download files at once.

These instruments had varying numbers of strings, though often including some form of drone.

; Presiding Bishop or President Bishop: These titles are often used for the head of a national Anglican church, but the title is not usually associated with a particular episcopal see like the title of a primate.

These vowelless alphabets are called abjads, currently exemplified in scripts including Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac.

These alcohols are called fusel alcohols or fusel oils in brewing and tend to have a spicy or peppery flavor.

These are collegiate foundations, which provide a home and an income for unmarried ladies, generally of noble birth, called canonesses ( Kanonissinen ) or more usually Stiftsdamen.

These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique ( many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg ) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes.

These " conversations " as he called them, were more or less informal talks on a great range of topics, spiritual, aesthetic and practical, in which he emphasized the ideas of the school of American Transcendentalists led by Emerson, who was always his supporter and discreet admirer.

These Oblates were dispersed by Napoleon I in 1810, while another group called the Oblates of Our Lady of Rho escaped this fate.

These were two functions that called machine-language functions stored in memory.

These guitars are commonly called " parlor steels " as they are well-suited to smaller rooms.

These are also sometimes called simply AC1, AC2, etc., and, somewhat confusingly, sometimes Roman numerals are used for these isoforms that all belong to the overall AC class III.

These were mineral spirit-based paints called Magna.

These sets were expanded in 1963 to 7 bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) as the Federal Information Processing Standard which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U. S. government.

These four-bit quantities are sometimes called nibbles, and correspond to hexadecimal digits.

These were called FidoNet Technology Networks ( FTNs ).

These elections constitutionally must be held no longer than every five years apart, however elections can be called whenever the Government so chooses to seek a new mandate or loses a vote of no confidence in Parliament.

These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.

These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1 – 100 meters per second.

These molecules recognize specific reactant molecules called substrates ; they then catalyze the reaction between them.

These are sometimes called " the four pillars of the Big Bang theory ".

These towboats travel between ports and are also called line-haul boats.

These are often called ' pike poles '.

These were held in a powerful fortress called Genucla ( Isaccea, near modern Tulcea, Rom., in the Danube delta region ), controlled by Zyraxes, the local Getan petty king.

These effects are called macroscopic quantum phenomena.

These are sometimes called Weber functions after Heinrich Martin Weber, and also Neumann functions after Carl Neumann.