While Councilman Olson cited the anticipated increase in school costs in answer to a direct question from a taxpayer, the impact upon a school system does not have to be measured only in increased taxes to find alarm in uncontrolled growth.

Its elimination would result in the saving of interest costs, heavy when short-term money rates are high, and in freedom from dependence on credit which is not always available when needed most.

In total, these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures, such as reduced numbers of units and installations, smaller inventories of major equipment, and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces.

The deposit of rupees to the account of the Government of the United States of America in payment for the commodities and for ocean transportation costs financed by the Government of the United States of America ( except excess costs resulting from the requirement that United States flag vessels be used ) shall be made at the rate of exchange for United States dollars generally applicable to import transactions ( excluding imports granted a preferential rate ) in effect on the dates of dollar disbursement by United States banks, or by the Government of the United States of America, as provided in the purchase authorizations.

Interim financing of construction costs is provided by a short term loan from The Chase Manhattan Bank.

When did you last compare your present premium costs with the costs of insurance from other sources??

`` So from raw materials to finished erection the costs of materials handling ( most of it inefficient ) add up to one-fourth of the total construction cost of housing ''.

Even `` America's most efficient builder '', Bob Schmitt of Berea, hopes to cut his labor costs another $2,000 per house as a result of the time-&-motion studies now being completed on his operation by industrial efficiency engineers from the Stanley Works.

A midwestern builder cut his labor costs per thousand bricks from $81 to $43.50 by adopting this same process, cut them another $7.50 to $36 by buying his bricks in convenient, easy-to-spot 100-brick packages.

The variable costs alone are assigned to the different units of freight traffic as representing `` long-run out-of-pocket costs '' -- a term with a meaning here not distinctly different from that of the economist's `` long-run marginal costs ''.

Nevertheless, because the Cost Section has felt impelled to make some kind of a distribution of total costs, it has apportioned this residue, which it sometimes calls `` burden '', among the units of carload traffic on a basis ( partly ton, partly ton-mile ) which is concededly quite arbitrary from the standpoint of cost determination.

and a mere cost apportionment which somehow spreads among the classes and units of service even those costs that are strictly unallocable from the standpoint of specific cost determination.

This `` grand division '' permits many costs to be assigned in their entirety to some one class, such as street lighting, or at least to be excluded completely from some important class or classes.

But any resulting excess of revenues received from a given class of service over the operating costs imputed to this class is reported as a `` return '' realized on the capital investment attributed to the same service.

There are obvious reasons of convenience for this practice of excluding `` cost of capital '' from the direct apportionment of annual costs among the different classes of service -- notably, the avoidance of the controversial question what rate of return should be held to constitute `` cost of capital '' or `` fair rate of return ''.

To light industry, the economies of being on one floor are much slighter, but efficiency engineers usually believe in them, and manufacturers looking for ways to cut costs cannot be prevented from turning to efficiency engineers.

Financial grants have been received from the National Science Foundation and the ( British ) Institute of Physics for the compilation work and the publication costs.

Estimated production costs of radiation energy from machine and nuclide sources range from $1 to $10 per Aj.

Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.

But our present interest lies in the measurement of costs of service, and only indirectly in rates that may or may not be designed to cover these costs.

The parish council, which has 15 members who are elected for four years, is responsible for local issues, including setting an annual precept ( local rate ) to cover the council ’ s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny.

As it became obvious his ambitious enterprise was failing, he became understandably desperate to cover its costs.

A balance between metabolic costs of dendritic elaboration and the need to cover receptive field presumably determine the size and shape of dendrites.

Arnaz convinced them to allow Desilu to cover all additional costs associated with the filming process, under the stipulation that Desilu owned and controlled all rights to the film.

Core lending activities do not generate sufficient income to cover operating costs at most commercial banks.

In part as a result, numerous studies have indicated that the procurement volume must be sufficiently high to provide sufficient profits to attract enough suppliers, and provide buyers with enough savings to cover their additional costs.

He was dressed in a sailor's uniform, provided to him by Murray, who also gave him part of her savings to cover his travel costs, and carried identification papers which he had obtained from a free black seaman.

Management fees for hedge funds are designed to cover the operating costs of the manager, whereas the performance fee provides the manager's profits.

As management fees are intended to cover the firm's operating costs, performance fees ( and any excess management fees ) are generally distributed to the firm's owners as profits.

Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank which would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate only high enough to cover the costs of administration.

Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank which would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate only high enough to cover the costs of administration.

Following the release of Broken Flowers, Jarmusch signed a deal with Fortissimo Films, whereby the distributor would fund and have " first-look " rights to the director's future films, and cover some of the overhead costs of his production company, Exoskeleton.

As a result of the injuries, the costs of insurance cover for players doubled.

There are numerous firms waiting to enter the market each with its own " unique " product or in pursuit of positive profits and any firm unable to cover its costs can leave the market without incurring liquidation costs.

Reportedly, 80 % of Nigeria's energy revenues flow to the government, 16 % cover operational costs, and the remaining 4 % go to investors.

Under the deal, Paramount is required to distribute the DreamWorks animated films for a small fee intended only to cover Paramount's out of pocket costs with no profit to the studio, including the Shrek franchise ( and ending for the 2004 installment, Shrek 2 ).

In contrast to a monopoly or oligopoly, it is impossible for a firm in perfect competition to earn economic profit in the long run, which is to say that a firm cannot make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs.

Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted, including normal interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover risk, and normal salary for managerial activity.

" Restated, the rule is that for a firm to continue producing in the short run it must earn sufficient revenue to cover its variable costs.

A defense attorney often receives a flat fee or in any event will not receive enough additional money if he goes to trial to cover the costs of doing so ; this can create an incentive to plea bargain, even at the expense of the defense attorney's client's interests.

The request for lower rates originated with the Southern railway, which has spent a good deal of time and money developing a 100-ton hopper car with which it says it can move grain at about half what it costs in the conventional, smaller car.

First, we can encourage responsibility by establishing as conditions for assistance on a substantial and sustained scale the definition of objectives and the assessment of costs.

Distribution costs are almost bound to increase in the sixties -- and you will never know what you can do to control them unless you study each element and experiment with alternative ways of doing the job.

who can develop reliable estimates of sales volume, production, and distribution costs ; ;

Instead of closing the house in first ( as most builders do ) you can now cut your costs by not closing it in until you have to ( see p 121 ).

But now many of these same builders are finding they can cut their costs more by teaming up with a dealer who has volume enough to afford the most efficient specialized equipment to deliver everything just where it is needed -- drywall inside the house, siding along the sides, trusses on the walls, roofing on the roof, etc..

Unfortunately, however, and for reasons to be discussed in the following chapter, no rate relationships can be made completely nondiscriminatory as long as all or some of the rates must be set above marginal costs in order to yield adequate revenues.

Despite an ambiguity due to its failure clearly to define `` relative costs '', the above exposition of fully distributed costing goes about as far as one can go toward expressing the basic philosophy of the practice.

and these costs must somehow be apportioned among the various classes and then must somehow be reapportioned among the units of service in order to report unit costs that can serve as tentative measures of reasonable rates.

But the really controversial aspect of customer-cost imputation arises because of the cost analyst's frequent practice of including, not just those costs that can be definitely earmarked as incurred for the benefit of specific customers but also a substantial fraction of the annual maintenance and capital costs of the secondary ( low-voltage ) distribution system -- a fraction equal to the estimated annual costs of a hypothetical system of minimum capacity.

In colder climates, extra construction costs can be as little as 15 % more than new, conventional buildings.

In economics, regulatory arbitrage ( sometimes, tax arbitrage ) may be used to refer to situations when a company can choose a nominal place of business with a regulatory, legal or tax regime with lower costs.

As a result of domestic resistance to foreign investment and high labor costs, growth can stagnate in sectors which the government wishes to diversify.

* See Startup company, a startup company can grow by reinvesting profits in its own growth, if its bootstrapping costs are low and return on investment is high.

Creditors can claim money through the Enforcement Administration anyway, and creditors do not usually benefit from the bankruptcy of individuals because there are costs of a bankruptcy manager which has priority.

The State becomes involved because governing entities can become convinced that the costs of not criminalizing ( through allowing the harms to continue unabated ) outweigh the costs of criminalizing it ( restricting individual liberty, for example, to minimize harm to others ).

Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs.

Pelton added " our strategy is to defend and protect our current markets while investing in products and services to secure our future, but we can do this only if we succeed in restructuring our processes and reducing our costs.

This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed.

Production costs can be decreased by reducing cocoa solid content or by substituting cocoa butter with another fat.