Before the 19th-century development of the marine chronometer and the lunar distance method, dead reckoning was the primary method of determining longitude available to mariners such as Christopher Columbus and John Cabot on their trans-Atlantic voyages.

In 539 BCE, Persia's rulers conquered Babylon, and soon afterwards-at least by the 4th Century BCE-adopted the Babylonian method of reckoning months: 12 months each containing 30 days.

Jews in one city might have a method for reckoning the Week of Unleavened Bread different from that used by the Jews of another city.

This method of reckoning ( sometimes called " inclusive numbering ") is fairly common in Scripture ; for example, the Feast of Tabernacles is to last for seven days (), but the last day is called the eighth day ( v. 36 ).

Kinship calculation is any systemic method for reckoning kin relations.

When visual references are not available, it is necessary to use an alternative method of navigation such as dead reckoning ( typically with a compass ), radio navigation, and satellite navigation ( such as GPS ).

At this time of rapprochement between the two kingdoms, Judah was using Israel's " non-accession " method of reckoning the years, so that she was deposed in her " seventh year " ( 2 Kings 11: 4 ), after being monarch for six actual years ( 2 Kings 11: 3 ).

These changes can be inferred from a careful comparison of the textual data in the Scripture, but because the Scriptural texts do not state explicitly whether the reckoning was by accession or non-accession counting, nor do they indicate explicitly when a change was made in the method, many have criticized Thiele's chronology as being entirely arbitrary in its assignment of accession and non-accession reckoning.

The official records of Tiglath-Pileser III show that he switched ( arbitrarily ) to non-accession reckoning for his reign, in contrast with the accession method used for previous kings of Assyria.

The determination of which is the highest obstacle along the flight path depends on the method of navigation ( radio navigation aid, dead reckoning or area navigation systems ) and on the flight rules ( instrument or night VFR )

As Arabic numerals and the zero came into use, " pen reckoning " gradually displaced " counter casting " as the common accounting method.

Either Mark is using a non-Jewish reckoning of time ( Kilgallen 264 ) or is using his method of double time chronology, such as 1: 32, where two temporally separated events are sandwiched together.

The very fact that they came so near to winning by the wrong method, war, led directly to their losing both the war and the wrong thing they fought for, since it forced Lincoln to free their slaves as a military measure.

It was this basic trait that separated Adams from the ranks of professional historians and led him to commit time and time again what was his most serious offense against the historical method -- namely, the tendency to assume the truth of an hypothesis before submitting it to the test of facts.

The French and the British used tanks in their pre-blitzkrieg ' traditional ' role of assisting infantry and dispersed across the whole army so there was not concentration of tanks, while the blitzkrieg method of concentrating tanks, even less in number and less capable in ability, led to victorious success.

Further improvement upon the idea of instruction pipelining led to the development of a method that decreases the idle time of CPU components even further.

Sancho later gets his comeuppance for this when, as part of one of the duke and duchess's pranks, the two are led to believe that the only method to release Dulcinea from her spell is for Sancho to give himself a surplus of three thousand lashes.

Although ferry transport between islands remains the prominent method of transport between the nations islands, improvements to the road infrastructure, rail, urban transport, and airports have all led to a vast improvement in transportation.

A different method by Harlow Shapley based on the cataloguing of globular clusters led to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diameter approximately 70 kiloparsecs and the Sun far from the center.

But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, eventually led to GMT being used worldwide as a reference time independent of location.

The historicist method is what led reformers throughout Europe to declare that the Pope was the man of sin sitting on the seven hills of Rome.

Neusner ’ s method of studying documents individually without contextualizing them with other Rabbinic documents of the same era or genre, led to a series of studies on the way Judaism creates categories of understanding and how those categories relate to one another, even as they emerge diversely in discrete rabbinic documents.

This method led to the mixing of musical and lyrical elements of different songs and versions, as well as improvised passages, to create new material, but would lead to later accusations of plagiarism and some legal disputes over copyright.

led to a new branch of philosophy called epistemology ( how we know ) to fill-out the metaphysics ( what we know ) and this led to science ( Latin to know ) and to the scientific method.

A team of Oxford research scientists led by Australian Howard Florey and including Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley devised a method of mass-producing the drug.

Her ideas led to a method used by some homeschoolers.

In part this limitation arose from the fact that consciousness raising, as " the primary method of understanding women's condition " in the movement at this time and its " most successful organizing tool ", led to an emphasis on personal experience that concealed " prior political and philosophical assumptions ".

Sophie had derived the correct differential equation, but her method did not predict experimental results with great accuracy, as she had relied on an incorrect equation from Euler, which led to incorrect boundary conditions.

Consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co. led Bartholdi to conclude that the skin should be made of copper sheets, beaten to shape by the repoussé method.

Edison's success in promoting direct current as less lethal also led to alternating current being used in the electric chair adopted by New York in 1889 as a supposedly humane execution method.

This method is particularly associated with Thuggee and led to the Thugs also being referred to as the Phansigars, or " noose-operators ", and simply as " stranglers " by British troops.

He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.

At a meeting in Balamand, Lebanon in June 1993, the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church declared that these initiatives that " led to the union of certain communities with the See of Rome and brought with them, as a consequence, the breaking of communion with their Mother Churches of the East … took place not without the interference of extra-ecclesial interests "; and that what has been called " uniatism " " can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed nor as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking " ( section 12 ).

The assumptions of naturalism that underlie the scientific method have led some scientists-especially observationalists-to question whether the ultimate reason or source for the universe to exist can be answered in a scientific fashion.

Lawyer Phillip E. Johnson's first book Darwin on Trial ( published in 1991 ) attracted a group of scholars who shared his view that the exclusion of supernatural explanations by the scientific method was unfair and had led to the Edwards v. Aguillard ruling that teaching creation science in public schools was unconstitutional.

One of the advantages of this method is that the `` pill '' can remain in the patient for several days, permitting observation under natural conditions.

Following observation of the fact that the reaction rates of supposedly identical reaction mixtures prepared on the same filling manifold and exposed under identical conditions often differed by several hundred per cent, a systematic series of experiments was undertaken to see whether the difficulty could be ascribed to the method of preparing the chlorine, to the effects of oxygen or moisture or to the effect of surface to volume ratio in the reaction tubes.

After the team had developed a method of purifying penicillin to an effective first stable form in 1940, several clinical trials ensued, and their amazing success inspired the team to develop methods for mass production and mass distribution in 1945.

In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber described an algorithmic theory of beauty which takes the subjectivity of the observer into account and postulates: among several observations classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the aesthetically most pleasing one is the one with the shortest description, given the observer ’ s previous knowledge and his particular method for encoding the data.

No one method is universally successful and most persons suffering from the illness need several forms of support.

Methodological aspects of the Booch method have been incorporated into several methodologies and processes, the primary such methodology being the Rational Unified Process ( RUP ).

Finding the right method for constructing such " objective " priors ( for appropriate classes of regular problems ) has been the quest of statistical theorists from Laplace to John Maynard Keynes, Harold Jeffreys, and Edwin Thompson Jaynes: These theorists and their successors have suggested several methods for constructing " objective " priors:

Despite several army mutinies and increasing civic concern both at his erratic style and arbitrary, corrupt method of governing he was re-elected for another 6-year term in September 1999.

In June 2007, Nauru adopted the " Cuban literacy method ", reportedly used also in several other countries.

Chinese tea is often classified into several different categories according to the species of plant from which it is sourced, the region in which it is grown, and the method of production used.

In the traditional method of preparing couscous, groups of women would come together and make large batches over several days.

Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial digital synthesizer, adding improvements such as the " key scaling " method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during frequency modulation, though it would take several years before Yamaha release their FM digital synthesizers.

It can also be used to construct continued fractions, in the Sturm chain method for finding real roots of a polynomial, and in several modern integer factorization algorithms.

This method ( and the general idea of an FFT ) was popularized by a publication of J. W. Cooley and J. W. Tukey in 1965, but it was later discovered ( Heideman & Burrus, 1984 ) that those two authors had independently re-invented an algorithm known to Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1805 ( and subsequently rediscovered several times in limited forms ).

Other noteworthy and famous Greek historians include Plutarch ( 2nd century AD ), who wrote several biographies, the Parallel Lives, in which he wanted to assess the morality of its characters by comparing them in pairs, and Polybius ( 3nd century BC ), who developed Thucydides's method further, becoming one of the most objective historians of classical antiquity.

The U. S. Navy's system of alpha-numeric ship designators, and its associated hull numbers, have been for several decades a unique method of categorizing ships of all types: combatants, auxiliaries and district craft.

This has several advantages ; no additional resistance ( a shunt, required for the most common current sensing method ) need be inserted in the primary circuit.

This method has several problems such as the fact that it cannot be used to score adults.

To achieve the best balance of blood sugar with either intensive / flexible method, a patient must check his or her glucose level with a meter monitoring of blood glucose several times a day.

Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a " Second Industrial Revolution ", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert wrought iron into steel in large quantities.

However, placing an order for a car for the customer is typically not idempotent, since running the method / call several times will lead to several orders being placed.

* Chroma key, a method to superimpose several video layers using areas of a defined color as a mask

But this method had several limitations: First, it required the occurrence of a specific astronomical event ( in this case, Mars passing through the same right ascension as the moon ), and the observer needed to anticipate this event via an astronomical almanac.

This method works as easily for finding the LCM of several integers.