Before the Civil War, settlers reported up to 50 mounds in the area that became East St. Louis, but most were lost to 19th-century development and later roadbuilding.

Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before much longer the marine quieted down.

In 2004 a new calibration curve INTCAL04 was internationally ratified for calibrated dates back to 26, 000 Before Present ( BP ) based on an agreed worldwide data set of trees and marine sediments.

Before the Pacific War began, the Imperial Japanese Army formed Teishin Dan (" Raiding Brigades ") and Imperial Japanese Navy trained marine ( Rikusentai ) paratroopers.

Before the growth of Anchorage, Knik was the destination for most marine traffic in upper Cook Inlet.

Before World War I they manufactured automobile and marine engines, and from 1910 on cars.

However, as evidenced in this quote from Lane ’ s nephew Edward Lane ’ s " Early Recollections ," his interest in art held much sway in his deciding on a career: " Before he became an artist he worked for a short time making shoes, but after a while, seeing that he could draw pictures better than he could make shoes he went to Boston and took lessons in drawing and painting and became a marine artist.

Before the late 1920s the IJN did not have a separate marine force, instead it used naval landing forces or rikusentai formed from individual ships's crews, who received infantry training as part of their basic training, for special and / or temporary missions.

Before the advent of quartz timepieces, merchant and military ships relied on highly accurate mechanical timepieces known as marine chronometers.

Before the First Republic, the Corps royal de l ' infanterie de la marine had been superseded by the Corps royal de canonniers-matelots on 1 January 1786.

Before the mission of Lunar Prospector lunar satellite, it was commonly thought that these KREEP materials had been formed in a widespread layer beneath the crust.

Before the battle in Babylon, Alexander states that the lunar eclipse which some of his men thought was a bad omen means that " the Persian moon will be eclipsed by the Macedonian Sun " with which Aristander the seer agrees.

Before the Second World War, air shows were associated with long distance air races, often lasting many days and covering thousands of miles.

Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were also used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters for long distance service.

Before Guam's inclusion, calling the U. S. required dialing the international 011 first, thus resulting in higher long distance rates and less frequent calls to the U. S. by relatives in Guam.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before long distance telephone services were readily available or affordable, telegram services were very popular and the only way to convey information speedily over very long distances.

Before reaching the last half, he must complete the next quarter of the distance.

Before becoming incorporated the town's name was Marathon because the distance to Pulaski was equal to a marathon.

Before Ptolemy XII's reign, the geographical distance between Rome and Egypt resulted in an indifferent attitude towards each other.

Before the 2003 MLB season the club did so, moving the distance from left-center field from.

Before 2004 ، the distance between the small and middle jamarāt was ; between the middle and large jamarāt it was.

Before the winter break, Hungary managed to beat the minnows of the group Malta thus finishing the fall part of the qualifying in fourth place with six points, mathematically still within striking distance of the leading trio.

Before 1959 Churyumov – Gerasimenko had perihelion distance of about 2. 7 AU.

Before the introduction of the Travelcard, tickets for the London Underground were purchased on a ' point-to-point ' basis between two stations, either as a single, return or season ticket ; and were priced according to distance travelled.

Before that, the nearest station was Ghatkopar which was 20 minutes walking distance from Rajawadi.

Before the advent of operator distance dialing and customer Direct Dial ( DDD ) calling, switchboard operators would work with their counterparts in the distant central office to complete long distance calls.

Before travelling a great distance, they ran into a group of one hundred reinforcements that had been sent as additional strength from the tsar.

Before play begins, a starting line is drawn, and the Oni stands at some distance away from the starting line, in front of a tree, wall, or other fixed object.

Before the launching of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for the star varied widely, from 96 light years to 1200 light years.

Before the mission the distance from one of the Oboe stations to the target was measured, and an arc drawn on a conventional navigation chart.

Before the wide use of telecommunications, letters were one of the few ways for a couple to remain in contact, particularly in wartime: when one of them was posted or stationed some distance from the other, the " being apart " often intensified emotions.

Before the construction of this stop and its access road, buses had to stop some distance away downhill and passengers had to transfer via stairs and a footpath.

Before the extension of the Senseki Line from Sendai Station, passengers from the subway would have to disembark and walk a good distance to the Senseki Line platform in Sendai Station.

Before the election, party leader Vidar Kleppe tried to bolster support for the party by calling for the closure of all Mosques in Norway if they did not clearly distance themselves from terrorism.