Core concepts are: ( 1 ) That critical social theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity ( i. e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time ), and ( 2 ) That critical theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including geography, economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology.

He later grew staunchly critical of them as having a poor understanding of economics and educational reform.

From these three assumptions, neoclassical economists have built a structure to understand the allocation of scarce resources among alternative ends — in fact understanding such allocation is often considered the definition of economics to neoclassical theorists.

* Karl Marx: In large part, added the historical dimension to an understanding of society, culture and economics.

Because of the relative success of economics at understanding markets, rational choice theory has also become increasingly employed in social sciences other than economics, such as sociology and political science in recent decades.

In economics, the tragedy of the commons is the depletion of a shared resource by individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-interest, despite their understanding that depleting the common resource is contrary to their long-term best interests.

:: Quick-look: A " quick look " analysis under the rule of reason may be used when " an observer with even a rudimentary understanding of economics could conclude that the arrangements in question would have an anticompetitive effect on customers and markets ," yet the violation is also not one considered illegal per se.

Urban design demands a good understanding of a wide range of subjects from physical geography, through to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as real estate development, urban economics, political economy and social theory.

* Managing a public-private effort with major segments of the agriculture community and UN agencies for better understanding of the promise, challenge and economics of bioenergy ; and

Similarly, Shahra Razavi says better understanding of care work " would allow us to shift our priorities from ' making money ' or ' making stuff ' to ' making livable lives ' and ' enriching networks of care and relationship '" which should be central to economics.

#" The Universal Zulu Nation stands for knowledge, wisdom, understanding, freedom, justice, equality, peace, unity, love, respect, work, fun, overcoming the negative, economics, mathematics, science, life, truth facts, faith, and the oneness of God.

In the early 1920s, he was financial editor of The New York Evening Mail, and it was during this period, Hazlitt reported, that his understanding of economics was further refined by frequent discussions with former Harvard economics professor Benjamin Anderson who was then working for Chase National Bank in Manhattan.

Horkheimer maintained that critical theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity ( i. e. how it came to be configured at a specific point in time ), just as it should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including geography, economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology.

From the Chicago school of economics, Ronald Coase introduced the notion of transaction costs into the understanding of why firms are founded and how they continue to behave.

In economic anthropology, formalism is the theoretical perspective that the principles of neoclassical economics can be applied to our understanding of all human societies.

They have been criticised by some left groups for spending too much time on ' abstract ' theoretical subjects ; however, Socialist Appeal argues that a thorough understanding of Marxism, history, economics and politics is necessary to understand the world today.

Combining in-depth understanding of Eurasia ’ s history with expertise on politics, economics and energy, the Center provides distinctive research and advice to governments and businesses worldwide.

In his work on livelihoods Gudeman seeks to present the " people's own economic construction " ( 1986: 1 ); that is, not just examining the cultural construction of values as in which products people like to buy and how much they value leisure, but people's own conceptualizations or mental maps of economics and its various aspects, i. e. their understanding of concepts such as exchange, property or profit.

They apply their model to development economics, where an understanding of dynamic markets is essential since the task is to create them where they have not existed before.

Adherents of Marxian economics, particularly in academia, distinguish it from Marxism as a political ideology and sociological theory, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the economy is intellectually independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his support of proletarian revolution.

It studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of the brain, and how neuroscientific discoveries can constrain and guide models of economics.

Behavioral economics emerged to account for these anomalies by integrating social, cognitive, and emotional factors in understanding economic decisions.

As a subfield of public economics, fiscal federalism is concerned with " understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government " ( Oates, 1999 ).

Often it is recognized that all the details of the pattern may not be essential to the outcome but, because the pattern was empirically determined and not developed through theoretical understanding, one is never quite certain which behavior elements are effective, and the whole pattern becomes ritualized.

Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking, but where some explanations are possible, as with lightning and weather and earthquakes, the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated.

Perhaps the most illuminating example of the reduction of fear through understanding is derived from our increased knowledge of the nature of disease.

Presupposed in Plato's system is a doctrine of levels of insight, in which a certain kind of detached understanding is alone capable of penetrating to the most sublime wisdom.

Whitehead is here questioning David Hume's understanding of the nature of experience ; ;

Whitehead contends that the human way of understanding existence as a unity of interlocking and interdependent processes which constitute each other and which cause each other to be and not to be is possible only because the basic form of such an understanding, for all its vagueness and tendency to mistake the detail, is initially given in the way man feels the world.

This is important to understanding the position that doctrinaire liberals found themselves in after World War 2, and our great democratic victory that brought no peace.

If our sincerity is granted, and it is granted, the discrepancy can only be explained by the fact that we have come to believe hearsay and legend about ourselves in preference to an understanding gained by earnest self-examination.

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

I assume that the number of readers of this anthology who regard themselves as morally perfect is small, and that most readers are willing to consider procedures by which they may gain more insight into themselves and better understanding of others.

Such an understanding, although it must seek to be sympathetic, is not a matter of intuition.

English philosopher Samuel Alexander's debt to Wordsworth and Meredith is a recent interesting example, as also A. N. Whitehead's understanding of the English romantics, chiefly Shelley and Wordsworth.

What is not so well known, however, and what is quite important for understanding the issues of this early quarrel, is the kind of attack on literature that Sidney was answering.

The intuition about mankind conveyed in these opening pages is of crucial importance for understanding the remainder of the text ; ;

What is required is the full implementation of Article 2 of the Treaty, which provides: `` The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being.

Linearly arranged board games have been shown to improve children's spatial numerical understanding.

The hypothesis has been shown to be wrong by observational evidence, as well as by the modern understanding of planet formation ; the scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century.

However, consumers have shown a tendency to prefer low deductibles and to prefer to insure relatively high-probability, small losses over low-probability, perhaps due to not understanding or ignoring the low-probability risk.

The same understanding is shown in Christian translations of the passage, which in English generally use " morning star " rather than treating the word as a proper name, " Lucifer ".

Regardless, he has some familiarity with advanced alien technologies that surpass the understanding of most Earthlings, and has been shown as a crafty strategist when not blinded by rage.

Indeed, recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the PTr and Pop, corresponding to areas 45 and 44, respectively, play different functional roles in the human with respect to language comprehension and action recognition / understanding.

Isabella was able to come to an understanding with her husband's first lover Piers Gaveston, shown here lying dead at the feet of Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick | Guy de Beauchamp, in a 15th-century representation.

with the element of path along the integration of electric field vector E. If the applied E field is uniform and oriented along the length of the conductor as shown in the figure, then defining the voltage V in the usual convention of being opposite in direction to the field ( see figure ), and with the understanding that the voltage V is measured differentially across the length of the conductor allowing us to drop the Δ symbol, the above vector equation reduces to the scalar equation:

Judd believed that the prevailing model of a museum, where art is shown for short periods of time, does not allow the viewer an understanding of the artist or their work as they intended.

NSF surveys of public attitudes and knowledge have consistently shown that the public has a positive view of science but has little scientific understanding.

It is not surprising given this understanding of the forces involved that studies have shown that K < sub > a </ sub > varies strongly with osmotic pressure but only weakly with tail length and unsaturation.

Although some commentators feel that this passage referred to a physical miracle, where Abraham was physically shown the entire kingdom of Heaven, others have felt that it refers to the spiritual understanding of Abraham ; these latter scholars maintain that the Chaldeans were skilled in the observance of the stars, but Abraham, who lived amongst them, saw beyond the physical world and into a higher spiritual realm.

Levy ’ s thoughtful analyses have shown that an emphasis on the technology of digital documents has impeded our understanding of digital documents as documents ( e. g., Levy, 1994 ).

:" Because neither the factual underpinnings of Roe's central holding nor our understanding of it has changed ( and because no other indication of weakened precedent has been shown ), the Court could not pretend to be reexamining the prior law with any justification beyond a present doctrinal disposition to come out differently from the Court of 1973 .”

Albeit Sandy is normally portrayed as kind, helpful, and understanding, she has been shown to possess a vindictive side too.

In one study, medical students using PBL were shown to develop a deeper understanding, improve retention of material, and increase overall attitude, compared to other students who did not use PBL ( Albanese and Mitchell, 1993 ).

Though historians have generally shown understanding for Harclay's actions, it is nevertheless common to refer to the event as " Harclay's treason ".

The understanding of a similar problem can be shown by simple robotics in the form of a balancing cart.

He had first met bin Laden in Jeddah in 1986. al-Zawahiri has shown a radical understanding of Islamic theology and Islamic history.

Although maintenance rehearsal ( a method of learning through repetition, similar to rote learning ) can be useful for memorizing information for a short period of time, studies have shown that elaborative rehearsal, which is a means of relating new material with old information in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the content, is a more efficient means of improving memory.

In his current incarnation, Krypto's abilities are essentially identical ; however, he possesses normal canine intelligence, though as shown in the storyline with Atlas, Krypto does seem to have a general understanding of speech, and can take initiatives of his own, such as vowing to protect Metropolis from Atlas because of his knowledge of the fact that Superman himself protects and cares for the city, as well as vowing to hurt Atlas for hurting Superman.

Linnell, who had earlier shown a remarkable understanding of the uniqueness of Blake's genius, was not as generous with his son-in-law, towards whom his attitude was authoritarian and often harsh.

Using a variety of experimental procedures, studies have shown that infants in their second year of life have an implicit understanding what other people see and what they know .. A popular paradigm used to study infants ' theory of mind is the violation of expectation procedure, which predicates on infants ' tendency to look longer at unexpected and surprising events compared to familiar and expected events.

Research by Vittorio Gallese, Luciano Fadiga and Giacomo Rizzolatti ( reviewed in ) has shown that some sensorimotor neurons, which are referred to as mirror neurons, first discovered in the premotor cortex of rhesus monkeys, may be involved in action understanding.

Other studies relevant to attributions theory of mind have been conducted using plovers and dogs, and have shown preliminary evidence of understanding attention — one precursor of theory of mind — in others.