Glorantha shares some fantasy tropes such as dwarves, elves, trolls, giants, but has developed them differently to the more conventional versions based on the work of Tolkien.

The heirs of Tolkien, including his son Christopher Tolkien, filed suit against New Line Cinema in February 2008 seeking payment of profits and to be " entitled to cancel ... all future rights of New Line ... to produce, distribute, and / or exploit future films based upon the Trilogy and / or the Films ... and / or ... films based on The Hobbit.

J. R. R. Tolkien challenges this concept in his essay " On Fairy-Stories ", choosing instead the paradigm of secondary belief based on inner consistency of reality.

At the time he was cast, McKellen had never read any of Tolkien's works, but he quickly developed his knowledge of The Lord of the Rings and based his accent on Tolkien.

They feature prominently in The Lord of the Rings Online, an MMO based on the works of Tolkien.

The physical appearance of the valley of Rivendell may be based upon the Lauterbrunnental in Switzerland, where J. R. R. Tolkien had hiked in 1911.

The names and many details of their culture are in fact based on Germanic-derived cultures, particularly that of the Anglo-Saxons and their Old English language, towards which Tolkien felt a strong affinity.

The physical size of Valinor is never specified, and Tolkien created no detailed maps of Aman, but the maps of Karen Wynn Fonstad, based on a rough sketch Tolkien did of Arda's landmasses and seas, show Valinor as being about 800 miles wide west to east ( from the Great Sea to the Outer Sea ) and about 3000 miles long north to south-similar in size to the United States.

Tolkien designed his own taxonomic system for dragons, based on locomotion and fire-breathing.

published a First and a Second Edition of the MERP ruleset, along with many adventure and campaign modules, until Tolkien Enterprises revoked the license for games based on The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings in 1999.

A subsequent Middle-earth based RPG, the Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game ( often abbreviated by the Tolkien role-playing community as Dec LotR or just LotR ), was published by Decipher Inc.

Christopher Tolkien removed the prophecy from The Silmarillion based on a 1958 version of the Valaquenta wherein his father wrote that none of Mandos ' dooms had declared whether the Marring of Arda would ever be repaired ( Christopher Tolkien adopted this passage and used it to close the Quenta Silmarillion ).

It is said that J. R. R. Tolkien based the grim region of Mordor on the heavily industrialised Black Country area in his famed novel The Lord of the Rings.

Many Power metal bands based their concept albums on fantasy books and national epics ; for example Blind Guardian based their Nightfall in Middle-Earth on The Silmarillion by Tolkien and Kamelot based Epica and The Black Halo on Goethe's Faust.

Tolkien also made use of the fornyrðislag in his narrative poem The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun, based upon the poetry of the Elder Edda and written to retell the Norse saga of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs.

It is based on the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, in which Angband is the fortress of Morgoth.

Released November 2001, it is based on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy and the J. R. R. Tolkien novel on which the films were based.

Christopher Tolkien stated that the name, which means " black valley ", was given to it " not only because of the two high mountains between which it lay, but because through it passed the road from the Gate of the Dead Men, and living men did not go there ".</ div >

One drawing by Tolkien, if to scale, would have made Thangorodrim 35, 000 ft high, and the statement that it lay 150 leagues ( 450 Númenórean miles ) north of Menegroth puts it too far away for some of the action in The Silmarillion to make sense ; a distance of 150 – 200 miles would have been more consistent.

Tolkien, have insisted on the traditional form of Father Christmas in preference to Santa Claus.

It was also an influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, who read it a few years before it was published in 1917.

* Tolkien on Fairy-Stories, by Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson: " A new expanded edition of Tolkien's most famous, and most important essay, which defined his conception of fantasy as a literary form ..."( 2008 ) ISBN 978-0-00-724466-9.

* Faith Seeking Fantasy: Tolkien on Fairy Stories, Anthony J. Kelly, Theology @ McAuley, Issue 3, Banyo Edition, February 2003-theological response to < nowiki >'</ nowiki > On Fairy-Stories < nowiki >'</ nowiki >

Tolkien: Master of Middle-earth ," which describes the impact Tolkien's writings had on him, is featured in the following titles:

Many editions of the latter work, first published in 1975, shortly after his death, list Tolkien on the cover as author rather than translator.

The general form — that of a journey into strange lands, told in a light-hearted mood and interspersed with songs — may be following the model of The Icelandic Journals by William Morris, an important literary influence on Tolkien.

Chance compares the development and growth of Bilbo against other characters to the concepts of just kingship versus sinful kingship derived from the Ancrene Wisse ( which Tolkien had written on in 1929 ) and a Christian understanding of Beowulf.

Tolkien is credited with being the first critic to expound on Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond merely historical, and his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics is still required reading for students of Anglo-Saxon.

Other holdings on the seven foremost authors ( G. K. Chesterton, George MacDonald, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Inklings Owen Barfield, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams ) include letters, manuscripts, audio and video tapes, artwork, dissertations, periodicals, photographs, and related materials.

" Because we grew up on comic books and the Tolkien trilogy, one of the things we're interested in is bringing serial fiction to cinema ," Lana has said.

As an author, illustrator and medievalist, he helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, and was a direct influence on postwar authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien.

The writer J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the city on 3 January 1892, though his family left South Africa following the death of his father, Arthur Tolkien, while Tolkien was still a child ( 1895 ).

Tolkien was a philologist by profession, and spent much time on his constructed languages.

Tolkien sometimes changed the " meaning " of an Elvish word, but he almost never disregarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms.

Tolkien never ceased to experiment on his constructed languages, and they were subjected to many revisions.

Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a postcard entitled Der Berggeist (), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote " the origin of Gandalf ".

In the same letter Tolkien states he was given the form of an old man in order to limit his powers on Earth.

Tolkien discusses the characteristics of Gandalf in his essay on the Istari, which appears in the work Unfinished Tales.

In many ways the Smaug episode reflects and references the dragon of Beowulf, and Tolkien uses the episode to put into practice some of the ground-breaking literary theories he had developed about the Anglo-Saxon poem and its early medieval portrayal of the dragon as having bestial intelligence.

Tolkien greatly prefers this motif over the later medieval trend of using the dragon as a symbolic or allegorical figure, such as in the legend of St. George.

According to the 2007 book The History of the Hobbit, Tolkien was now influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts regarding the Jewish people and their history.

Resemblance of Túrin to figures from medieval tales can be confirmed by a letter which Tolkien wrote to Milton Waldman, a publisher from the HarperCollins, concerning the fate of his works:

Topics may range from discussions of mysticism, numismatics, and medieval latin, to modern medieval-themed video games, the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, and the teaching of medieval studies in the classroom.

Thomas Alan Shippey ( born 9 September 1943 ) is a scholar of medieval literature, including that of Anglo-Saxon England, medievalism, and of modern fantasy and science fiction, in particular the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, about whom he has written several scholarly studies.

While the Dwarfs continue to resemble their counterparts in medieval Tolkien or Dungeons and Dragons fantasy, Chaos Drawfs evolved into a semi-Assyrian / Babylonian style by the fourth edition of Warhammer Fantasy.

Tolkien, set the type for high fantasy, normally based in a pseudo-medieval setting, mixed with elements of medieval folklore.

* Kathleen E. Dubs, Old and Middle English, medieval literature scholar, her lectures on Tolkien revived interest in him in academic circles