It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) is a loose alliance or confederation consisting of 10 of the 15 former Soviet Republics, the exceptions being Turkmenistan ( a CIS associate member ), Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Georgia.

It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan.

No seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea has been agreed upon and the usage of Caspian Sea water is a matter that remains unsettled by international agreement.

In Repetek ( Turkmenistan ), there live seven species of scorpions ( of which Pectinibuthus birulai is endemic ) in temperatures which vary from.

A daf is a large-sized tambourine used to accompany both popular and classical music in Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey ( where it is called tef ), Uzbekistan ( where it's called childirma ), India ( where it is known as the Dafli ) and Turkmenistan.

While the ancient history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the area's discernible history.

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea to the west, Iran and Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the north-east, and Kazakhstan to the north-west.

Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California in territory, occupying 488, 100 km².

The Kopet Dag Range is a region characterized by foothills, dry and sandy slopes, mountain plateaus, and steep ravines ; Mount Şahşah ( 2, 912 m ), also known as Mount Rizeh, southwest of Ashgabat, is the highest elevation of the Kopet Dag Range in Turkmenistan.

Turkmenistan has a cold desert climate that is severely continental.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, environmental regulation is largely unchanged in Turkmenistan.

The Demographics of Turkmenistan is about the demographic features of the population of Turkmenistan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

The politics of Turkmenistan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.

Turkmenistan is sometimes described as a " reclusive ex-Soviet nation ".

The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is the only one legally permitted.

Turkmenistan is dominated by a pervasive cult of personality extolling the late president as Türkmenbaşy (" Leader of all Turkmen "), a title he assumed in 1993.

His book, Ruhnama ( or Rukhnama ), which is revered in Turkmenistan almost like a holy text, has been translated into 32 languages and distributed for free among major international libraries.

Of the 193 member states of the United Nations, only 17 are not party to the treaty: Andorra, Angola, Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ), Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, Iraq, Kiribati, Lebanon, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan and Tuvalu.

Turkmenistan is a member of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Islamic Development Bank, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Food and Agriculture Organization.

The Assembly is a 50 member legislative body officially led by the President of Turkmenistan.

There are 8 member states: Turkmenistan, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Tajikistan, Russia, the Azerbaijan Republic, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and the Republic of Armenia.

She is a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with South Africa, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU – Kazakhstan, EU – Kyrgyzstan and EU – Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, and was a member of the Delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union ( including Libya ).

Gierek is a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education, a member of the Delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia and a substitute for the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

He is also a former member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a former substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism, a former member of the delegation to the EU – Armenia, EU – Azerbaijan and EU – Georgia Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, a former member of the delegation to the EU – Kazakhstan, EU – Kyrgyzstan and EU – Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia, and a former substitute for the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China.

He was a substitute for the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, a member of the Delegation to the European Union-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia, and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Belarus.

She is also a member of the Delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Budgets and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

It belongs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) and the Economic Cooperation Organization, which comprises 7 Central Asian countries: Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

He is also a Substitute at Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Budgetary Control and delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

* USSR Trade and Cooperation Agreement of 1989, endorsed by Tajikistan in 1994 and by Turkmenistan

He is vice-chair of the delegation to the EU – Kazakhstan, EU – Kyrgyzstan and EU – Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

In addition, she was vice-chair of the delegation to the EU – Kazakhstan, EU – Kyrgyzstan and EU – Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia, a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU – Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

He is also a substitute for the delegation to the EU – Kazakhstan, EU – Kyrgyzstan and EU – Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

Delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan and EU-Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia and a

ISO 3166-2: TM is the entry for Turkmenistan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Turkmenistan is affiliated to the CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat ( nonsignatory user ), IOC, IOM ( observer ), ISO ( correspondent ), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ( observer )

In the fall of 1992, the ECO expanded to include seven new members, namely Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

* lowest point: Akjagaýa Depression ( Sarygamysh Lake ) in north-western Turkmenistan, – 81 m ( the actual water level in Sarygamysh Lake fluctuate widely from – 110 m at its shallowest to – 60 m ).

The Mount Arlan rises sharply above sea level in the Great Balkhan Range in western Turkmenistan ( Balkan Province ).

After the death of Niyazov, Deputy Prime Minister Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow took over, despite the fact that Öwezgeldi Ataýew, the Chairman of the Parliament of Turkmenistan, would be the next in line in the order of succession ( allegedly because the prosecutor-general had initiated investigations against Ataýew ).

The latest opposition party operates in exile and is named The Republican Party of Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistanyň Respublikan partiýasynyň ).

Turkmenistan gained access to the Internet in 1997 through a contract with MCI Communications ( later became MCI WorldCom ).

Turkmenistan has one of the lowest gas prices in the world, at $ 0. 72 per gallon ($ 0. 19 per liter ).

Chagatai's ulus, or hereditary territory, consisted of the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili River ( today in eastern Kazakhstan ) and Kashgaria ( in the western Tarim Basin ) to Transoxiana ( modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan ).

Azerbaijan has direct maritime connections only with other Caspian littoral states ( Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan ).

Note: Broad-gauge track is employed at the borders with Azerbaijan Republic and Turkmenistan which have broad gauge rail systems ; 41 km of the standard gauge, electrified track is in suburban service at Tehran ( 2007 ).

Many of the rest live in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and in some parts of Africa, namely Kenya, and Tanzania ( Tabora has a large community ).

In addition to Turkey, Israel has diplomatic relations with 6 non-Arab Muslim states in Asia ( Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan ).

Although modern Gorgan is only a city and county ( sharing the same name ), ancient Hyrcania was the name of a greater region on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea ( encompassing all of the present day Golestan province, as well as some eastern parts of the Mazandaran province, and some southern parts of the present day Republic of Turkmenistan ).

Also, no visa has been required for citizens of Russia, and other CIS countries ( except Turkmenistan ).

After the Russian Revolution, a Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union was created, which was eventually split into the Kazakh SSR ( Kazakhstan ), Kyrgyz SSR ( Kyrgyzstan ), Tajik SSR ( Tajikistan ), Turkmen SSR ( Turkmenistan ) and Uzbek SSR ( Uzbekistan ).

One species, the great gerbil, or Rhombomys opimus, originally native to Turkmenistan, can grow to more than 16 inches ( 400 mm ).

In 1869 the Russian Empire established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk ( now Turkmenbashy ).

arachnitiformis × O. incubacea ) ( France to Italy, S. Turkmenistan ).

There are two subspecies: the nominate garrulus, which breeds from in north Africa from Morocco east to Tunisia, southwest and south-central Europe and Asia Minor east through northwest Iran to southwest Siberia ; and semenowi, which breeds in Iraq and Iran ( except northwest ) east to Kashmir and north to Turkmenistan, south Kazakhstan and northwest China ( west Xinjiang ).

The national anthem of Turkmenistan is called the National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan ( sometimes also Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem, a literal translation from ).

The lyrics were written by the first president of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov ( also known as Turkmenbashi, ).

The importance of carpets in the culture of Turkmenistan is such that the national flag features a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls ( designs used in producing rugs ).

Early Islamic Crucible Steel Production at Merv, Turkmenistan, In: P. T., Craddock, J., Lang ( eds ).