Under the circumstances, the only protection for the relatively small manufacturers is to engage in exactly the kind of conspiracy with the giants for which the latter were convicted.

Under current laws the novel will remain under copyright protection until 2020 in the European Union and until 2044 in the United States.

Under the next three centuries of Hellenistic Egypt, the Coptic writing system evolved and the Library of Alexandria was opened, and this likely had an influence upon books of magic, with the trend on known incantations switching from simple health and protection charms to more specific things such as financial success and sexual fullfillment.

Under the city's protection, they were able to form their own reformed church under John Knox and William Whittingham and eventually carried Calvin's ideas on doctrine and polity back to England and Scotland.

Under the World Trade Organization's ( WTO ) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years.

Under a series of treaties concluded after World War I, Switzerland assumed responsibility for the diplomatic and consular representation of Liechtenstein, the protection of its borders, and the regulation of its customs.

Under this system which was basically a form of slavery, Spanish encomederos forced the Amerindians to work for them in exchange for Spanish " protection " and conversion to Christianity.

Under the Second Protocol of the Universal Copyright Convention ( Paris text ), protection under U. S. Copyright Law is expressly required for works published by the United Nations, by U. N. specialized agencies and by the Organization of American States.

Under WMO leadership and within the framework of WMO programs, National Meteorological and Hydrological Services contribute substantially to the protection of life and property against natural disasters, to safeguarding the environment and to enhancing the economic and social well-being of all sectors of society in areas such as food security, water resources and transport.

Under John II ( 1481 – 1495 ) the fortress of São Jorge da Mina, the modern Elmina, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade.

Under the latter's weak rule the island suffered considerably from the inroads of various adventurers ; hence in 1386 it placed itself under the protection of Venice, which in 1401 acquired formal sovereignty over Corfu and kept it until the French Occupation in 1797.

Under the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, a refugee is more narrowly defined ( in Article 1. A. 2 ) as a person who " owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country ".

Under Article 32, protected persons have the right to protection from " murder, torture, corporal punishments, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments ... but also to any other measures of brutality whether applied by non-combatant or military agents ".

Under the Indian trademark law, any distinctive and identifying mark, which is capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one owner from that of another, may be utilized as Trademark and such marks are afforded protection under the law.

Under Olof Palme's government matters concerned with child care centers, social security, protection of the elderly, accident safety, and housing problems received special attention.

Under war, civil unrest, armed conflict and other emergency situations, children and youths are also offered protection under the United Nations Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict.

Under the common law, the practice of law is simply the full and equal protection of law coupled with securing all of the rights of the petitioner / defendent, by whomever takes up that task, to the exclusion of all others, even government!

Under the leadership of the first mayor, S. L. Davis and the first police chief, James Duran, police protection was restored to the area.

Under the leadership of the first mayor, S. L. Davis and the first police chief, James Duran, police protection was restored to the area.

Under Ottoman protection, the Khanate of Crimea continued its precarious existence until Catherine the Great annexed it on April 8, 1783.

Under the protection of King François I of France, he assumed the title of King of Navarre and was lavishly crowned in Lescar, despite Ferdinand's claim being continued by his grandson Charles I.

Under the duke ’ s protection, the Abbey of Dieleghem was founded in 1095 by the Bishop of Cambrai and administered by Augustinian canons.

Under the protection of U. S. Marines on ships offshore, the last U. S. forces left Somalia before the end of March, meeting a deadline set earlier by President Clinton.

Under the Minnesota approach, as a preliminary matter, the moving party must meet the burden of showing that the circumstances which bring the case within the purview of SLAPP protection exists.

Under this protection, Malacca flourished into one of Ayutthaya's great foes, until its conquest in 1511 by the Portuguese.

Under the rules at the time, this was ruled as a safety and thus gave the Rams a 2 – 0 lead.

Under the rules at the time, this was ruled as a safety and thus gave the Rams a 2 – 0 lead.

Under Dungy's watch, the Buccaneers made four playoff appearances and won their division in 1999 only to lose to the St. Louis Rams in the NFC Championship Game.

Under head coach Bob Menefee, the Rams won the state baseball championship in 1980 and were runners-up in 1978.

Under his first coach the Rams featured the Chicago Bears-style " 46 " defense that was brought in by recent Tennessee Titans Head coach Jeff Fisher.

Under Warner, the Rams offense exploded, and they finished the 1999 season with a record of 13-3.

Under Knox the Rams won five straight NFC West championships.

Under American football's tuck rule, if the quarterback is attempting to bring the ball back to his body after starting a passing motion, a lost ball may be considered an incomplete pass even if the quarterback's arm is moving backward at the time.

Under Omani Arabs Zanzibar became East Africa's main slave port, with as many as 50, 000 enslaved Africans passing through every year during the 19th century.

Under the terms of the Act, Ireland was divided into two territories, Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland with the border passing through the province.

Under cross-examination, Raeder admitted to passing on the Commando Order on 18 October 1942 to the Kriegsmarine and for enforcing the Commando Order by ordering the summary execution of captured British Royal Marines at Bordeaux in December 1942.

Under the new user charge regime, Le Crossing collects the charges which are set in statutory Charging Orders under the 2000 Act, with the revenue passing in full to the government for redistribution, and annual public accounts of the operation published showing expenses / revenues of the crossing.

Under Edward the Confessor, Ruislip had been valued at £ 30, though the reduction to £ 12 by the time Ernulf de Hesdin took possession is believed to have been caused by a passing unit of the Norman Army taking crops.

Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook-and-loop system that the seeds use to hitchhike on passing animals aiding seed dispersal, and he realised that the same approach could be used to join other things together.

Under the council – manager form of government for municipalities, the elected governing body ( commonly called a city council, city commission, or board of selectmen ) is responsible for the legislative function of the municipality such as establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision.

Under the law of the time, martial law was declared by the local military commander, at which point a group of Commissioners would be empowered to decide on the facts of offences, before passing the case to the commander, who would pass judgment.

Under the new grading scale, a C-will not qualify as a passing grade for courses requiring a C or better.

Under the policy, foreign districts would be granted the same rights as US districts, with control passing from missionaries to local leaders.

Under the terms of the Rock Island Settlement Agreement, the District provides spill to improve the survival rate of juvenile salmon passing the Project.

Under cross-examination, Raeder admitted to passing on the Commando Order to the Kriegsmarine and to enforcing the Commando Order by ordering the summary execution of two captured British Royal Marines after the Operation Frankton raid at Bordeaux in December 1942.

Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that goods and services are continuously divisible, the marginal rates of substitution will be the same regardless of the direction of exchange, and will correspond to the slope of an indifference curve ( more precisely, to the slope multiplied by-1 ) passing through the consumption bundle in question, at that point: mathematically, it is the implicit derivative.

Under the covers, however, are more significant compatibility features such as VS-style argument passing and return by reference between disjoint processes, and full PUTPARM / GETPARM functionality.

Under pressure, centre-backs may need to call on competent passing skills to move the ball out to midfielders.

Under English law, with the passing of the Theft Act 1978, it is an offense to evade a liability dishonestly.

Under this principle, a neutral network is a dumb network, merely passing packets regardless of the applications they support.

Under Richt ’ s direction, Florida State had some of college football's most explosive offenses ; in his seven years as offensive coordinator, the Seminoles ranked in the nation ’ s top five scoring offenses on five occasions, were top twelve in total offense five times, and top twelve in passing offense five times.

Under the District's procedures, the bill was voted on again on May 5, 2009, passing with a 12 – 1 vote.

Under these conditions, cells are actually set back in the cell cycle, and will require additional time ( about 8 hours more than the withdrawal time in culture ) after passing the restriction point to enter S phase.

Under Callahan's guidance, the Raiders led the NFL in passing for the first time in team history and led the league in total offense for just the second time in team history.

Under the terms of this Act, the Lord Advocate became a member of the new Scottish Executive, with his duties to the UK Government passing to the newly-created office of Advocate General for Scotland.

Under the V-System model the message passing overhead is reduced because the process scheduler does not have to be consulted, there is no question as to who should next be run – it's the server being called.