Under Umar it had been laid down as a policy that the lands in conquered territories were not to be distributed among the combatants, but were to remain the property of the previous owners.

Under Umar, Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Egypt.

Under Umar, Syria was divided into two provinces but Uthman made it one province.

Under the reign of the Caliph Umar, the Christian community of Najran was deported to Mesopotamia, on the grounds that no non-Muslims were to live in the Arabian Peninsula.

Under the Prohibition Order, these provisions of law were replaced by the punishment of eighty stripes, for which an ijma of the companions of Muhammad ever since the period of the Second Caliph Umar, was cited.

Under Ibn al-Aftas ' successors, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Muzzaffar ( 1045 – 1065 ) and his two sons ' Umar ibn Muhammad al-Mutawakkil ( 1065-1094 in Évora ) and Yahya ibn Muhammad al-Mansur ( 1065-1072 in Badajoz ), the Taifa of Badajoz not only controlled large expanses of western Spain and Portugal, but was also a major centre of Islamic culture, which was fostered by the Aftasid rulers.

Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.

Under al-Bashir's leadership, the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.

Under John Tzimiskes Syria was completely overrun ; Damascus itself, the former capital of the Islamic world, was captured, although only for a brief period.

Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand.

Under the Khomeini regime Iran's foreign policy often emphasized the elimination of foreign influence and the spread of Islamic revolution over state-to-state relations or the furtherance of trade.

Under the flourishing Mughal empire, Persian became very influential as the language of prestige of the Islamic courts.

Under the inspiration of the Islamic Revolution, various Hazara-Shiʿi resistance groups were formed in Iran, including Nasr and Sipah Pasdaran, with some being “ committed to the idea of a separate Hazara national identity ".

Under the current Islamic republic government no opportunity for construction exists in the foreseeable future, therefore this image is the only image available anywhere period.

Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah ( ; Ottoman Turkish: cizye ; both derived from Pahlavi and possibly from Aramaic gaziyat ) is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria.

Under the Islamic Republic, the prison population was again expanded significantly, holding 15, 000 inmates according to scholar Ervand Abrahamian.

Under Islamic land law, the land in question was categorized as arazi mewat, or " dead lands.

Under Islamic law, Jews and Christians were considered dhimmis, a legal status inferior to that of a Muslim but superior to that of other non-Muslims.

Under the aegis of the ' Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, Ibn Ishaq collected oral traditions that formed the basis of the most important biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Under Hulagu's leadership, the Mongols destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power, Baghdad, and also weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo.

Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, al-Andalus was a beacon of learning, and the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and economic centres in both the Mediterranean Basin and the Islamic world.

Under Sharia law non-Muslim southerners were forced to obey Islamic laws and traditions.

Under Ottoman Islamic rule, Christians and Jews were considered dhimmis -- a class of non-Muslims possessing some limited rights under Muslim rule — and were allowed to practice their religious precepts.

Under their rule, the eastern Islamic world witnessed the emergence of prominent Persian poets such as Fayrouz Mashriqi, Abu Salik al-Jirjani, and Muhammad bin Wasif al-Sistani, who was a court poet.

Under the rule of a single Islamic Caliphate, different regional hydraulic technologies were assembled into " an identifiable water management technological complex that was to have a global impact.

Under the Umayyads, the city of Damascus was the capital of the Islamic Caliphate and Syria formed the Caliphate's " metropolitan " province ; likewise, the elite Syrian army, the ahl al-Sham, formed the main pillar of the Umayyad regime.

* False Accusation Under Islamic Law

Under this Constitution, Pakistan became an Islamic Republic, hence 23 March became our Republic day.

Under the early Roman empire the place was known as Caesarea, and was the metropolis of Cilicia Secunda.

" Under the persistence of the brethren who told him, " Emperor Constantine loves the church ," he accepted to write him a letter blessing him, and praying for the peace and safety of the empire and the church.

Under his tutelage, Sweden and the Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to defeat Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustav Adolph's death in battle.

Under his rule the kingdom became the centre of government for an empire which also included Denmark and Norway.

Under Alexander the Great, this force turned east, and in a series of three decisive battles, routed the Persian forces and took their empire, which included Egypt and the Phoenician lands.

Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were hunted down and a policy of Russification was carried out throughout the empire.

Under Napoleon Bonaparte, France took back the territory in 1800 in the hope of building an empire in North America.

Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany with the conclusion of the unification of the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria into one empire.

Under Suleiman's patronage, the Ottoman empire entered the golden age of its cultural development.

Under Charlemagne, the Saxon Wars had as their chief object the conversion and integration of the Saxons into the Frankish empire.

Under his rule, the empire became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from the peasantry.

* Under the agreement, Philip III becomes king, but Perdiccas, as the regent, effectively becomes the ruler of Alexander's empire.

Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as every two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year.

Under the reorganization of the empire by Diocletian, Rouen became the chief city of the divided province of Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which the foundations remain.

Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Hejaz, and Yemen.

Under Cyrus ' son Cambyses II, Susa became a center of political power as one of 4 capitals of the Achaemenid Persian empire, while reducing the significance of Pasargadae as the capital of Persis.

Under the new organization of the empire by Diocletian, Numidia was divided in two provinces: the north became Numidia Cirtensis, with capital at Cirta, while the south, which included the Aurès Mountains and was threatened by raids, became Numidia Militiana, " Military Numidia ", with capital at the legionary base of Lambaesis.

Under the later empire it is not often mentioned ; but in the 4th century it was the seat of the consularis Campaniae and its chief town, though Ausonius puts it behind Mediolanum ( Milan ) and Aquileia in his ordo nobilium urbium.

Under the second Assyrian empire, when Nineveh had become a great centre of trade, Aramaic — the language of commerce and diplomacy — was added to the number of subjects that the educated class was required to learn.

Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 ( present-day Iran ), some areas of Khorasan ( present-day Afghanistan ) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s.

Under the Roman empire it was quite obscured by the restored cities of Corinth and Patrae ; in Pausanias ' age ( 150 AD ) it was almost desolate.

Under Roman guidance, the grid was designed for efficiency and inter-changeability, both facilitated by and aiding the expansion of their empire.

Under their peaceful rule their territories flourished, until the weakening of the Mughal empire and the rise of the expanding Bundela and Maratha powers brought misfortune upon them.