Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.

Under Andronikos the Byzantine Empire came closest to regaining a position of power in the Balkan Peninsula since the Fourth Crusade.

Under the Empire, Roman colonies and cities often had officials with powers similar to those of the republican aediles, although their powers widely varied.

* A name used for a tank ( an armoured fighting vehicle ) in some works of speculative fiction, such as Harry Turtledove's books, and Victoria: An Empire Under the Sun.

Under Claudius, the Empire underwent its first major expansion since the reign of Augustus.

Under Roman law, Roman culture under the Empire came to tolerate concubinage as long as the relationship was durable and exclusive ; for Roman jurists, concubinage was an honorable de facto situation.

Under this " Tetrarchy ", or " rule of four ", each emperor would rule over a quarter-division of the Empire.

Under the influence of Constantius, Honorius issued the Edict of 418, which was designed to enable the Empire to retain a hold on the lands which were to be surrendered to the Goths.

Under Suppiluliuma I and Mursili II, the Empire was extended to most of Anatolia and parts of Syria and Canaan, so that by 1300 BC the Hittites were bordering on the Egyptian sphere of influence, leading to the inconclusive Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC.

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons were placed under the Emperor's control.

Under the rules of Hammurabi's successors, the Babylonian Empire was weakened by military pressure from the Hittites, who sacked Babylon around 1531 BC ( short ).

Under the government's management, proper usage of Hangul and Hanja, including orthography, was discussed, until Korean Empire was annexed by Japan in 1910.

Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic.

Under Russian control, Latvia was in the vanguard of industrialisation and the abolition of serfdom so that by the end of the 19th century it had become one of the most developed parts of the Russian Empire.

Under the Maravi Empire, the Chewa had access to the coast of modern day Mozambique.

Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.

Under the Rashidun, the Arabs conquered the Persian Empire, along with Roman Syria and Roman Egypt during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, all within just seven years from 633 to 640.

Under the Umayyads, the Arabs annexed North Africa and southern Italy from the Romans and the Arab Empire soon stretched from parts of the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and southern Italy, to the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees.

Under Chinese influence, the first European power to successfully implement a merit-based civil system was the British Empire, in their administration of India.

Under Selim and Suleiman, the Empire became a dominant naval force, controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea.

Under the strong and able leadership of Osman, these warriors quickly proved a formidable force, and the foundations of the Empire were quickly laid.

Under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire in 1914 and invaded German overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.

Under its French name Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l ' Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 ( extinguished 1926 ).

Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power.

Under the trees, there was a dead redcoat, a young boy with a pasty white skin and a face full of pimples, who had taken a rifle ball directly between the eyes.

Under the circumstances, I had difficulty keeping up with the conversation on the phone, but when I hung up I was reasonably certain that Francesca had wanted to remind me of our town meeting the next evening, and how important it was that Hank and I be there.

Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.

Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons.

Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily.

Under the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement, signed on 17 December 2002, in Pretoria, there was to be one President and four Vice-Presidents, one from the government, one from the Rally for Congolese Democracy, one from the MLC, and one from civil society.

Under NFL and NCAA rules, once the quarterback moves out of the pocket, and there is no good option for a forward pass, the ball may be legally thrown away to prevent a sack.

Under this system, there is a tension between the relevance of earlier and later authorities in constraining halakhic interpretation and innovation.

Under the Latin Patriarch there were four suffragan archdioceses and numerous dioceses.

Under NFL and NCAA rules, there are actually two lines of scrimmage at the outset of each play: one that restricts the offense and one that restricts the defense.

Under the mainstream radar, there have been acclaimed independent musical films, such as Hedwig and the Angry Inch and Dancer in the Dark ; and foreign musical films, such as 8 Women, The Other Side of the Bed and Yes Nurse!

Under increasing pressure from the KMT Encirclement Campaigns, there was a struggle for power within the Communist leadership.

Under a field electrons are not able to adopt a different wave vector because there are no empty states to move into.

Under most interpretations of sharia, non-Muslims may be allowed into mosques, as long as they do not sleep or eat there.

Under HTML 5 there are now five valid attributes: having been added.

Under this interpretation, there may be cases where the mentally ill know that their conduct is legally prohibited, but it is arguable that their mental condition prevents them making the connection between an act being legally prohibited and the societal requirement to conform their conduct to the requirements of the criminal law.

Under this definition, there would only be two broad classes of organelles ( i. e. those that contain their own DNA, and have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria ):

Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System.

Under the narrow method, when there are apparently two contradictory meanings to a word used in a legislative provision or it is ambiguous, the least absurd is to be used.

Under the broad method, the court may reinterpret the law at will when it is clear that there is only one way to read the statute.

Under certain mathematical premises of the fluid, there can be extracted a mathematical connection between power, radius of the propeller, torque and induced velocity.

Under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation.

Under English law, there is an additional peremptory plea, that of special liability to repair a road or bridge.

Under the Covenant of the League of Nations, all League members agreed that where there was a dispute between states which they " recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy ", the matter would be submitted to the Court for arbitration, with suitable disputes being over the interpretation of an international treaty, a question on international law, the validity of facts which, if true, would breach international obligations and the nature of any reparations to be made for breaching international obligations.

Under FISA rules there are 5 boat classes for adaptive rowers ; mixed ( 2 men and 2 women plus cox ) LTA ( Legs, Trunk, Arms ), mixed intellectual disability ( 2 men and 2 women plus cox ) LTA ( Legs, Trunk, Arms ), mixed ( 1 man and 1 woman ) TA ( Trunk and Arms ), and men's and women's AS ( Arms and Shoulders ).