Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.

Under the early Roman empire the place was known as Caesarea, and was the metropolis of Cilicia Secunda.

Under strong pressure from Stilicho, the Roman Senate consented to promise its payment.

Under the Roman alliance, the more oligarchic parts of the Athenian constitution, the Areopagus and election of officials, became relatively more important, and the Assembly and selection by lot less so.

Under the management of Luigi Barbesino, the Roman club came close to their first title in 1935 – 36 ; finishing just one point behind champions Bologna.

Under the Empire, Roman colonies and cities often had officials with powers similar to those of the republican aediles, although their powers widely varied.

Under the Roman Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of vis publica.

Under Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, Roman Catholic bishops, priests, and deacons are again permitted to use the 1962 edition of the Roman Breviary, promulgated by Pope John XXIII to satisfy their obligation to recite the Divine Office every day.

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Under Roman law, Roman culture under the Empire came to tolerate concubinage as long as the relationship was durable and exclusive ; for Roman jurists, concubinage was an honorable de facto situation.

Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily.

Under Roman law, a former gladiator could not " offer such services those of a gladiator after manumission, because they cannot be performed without endangering life.

Under other classical authors this sometimes included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine.

Under pressure of the Huns, the chieftain Fritigern approached the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens in 376 with a portion of the Thervingi and asked to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube.

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons were placed under the Emperor's control.

Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic.

Under the Rashidun, the Arabs conquered the Persian Empire, along with Roman Syria and Roman Egypt during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, all within just seven years from 633 to 640.

Under Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine III he was treasurer of the Roman Church, notably compiling the Liber Censuum, and served as acting Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1194 until 1198.

Under the terms of the treaty with Rome, such disputes were arbitrated by the Roman Senate.

Under Roman influence, instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum including instruction in grammar ( study of the poets ), preliminary exercises ( progymnasmata ), and preparation of public speeches ( declamation ) in both forensic and deliberative genres.

Under Andronikos the Byzantine Empire came closest to regaining a position of power in the Balkan Peninsula since the Fourth Crusade.

* A name used for a tank ( an armoured fighting vehicle ) in some works of speculative fiction, such as Harry Turtledove's books, and Victoria: An Empire Under the Sun.

Under Claudius, the Empire underwent its first major expansion since the reign of Augustus.

Under this " Tetrarchy ", or " rule of four ", each emperor would rule over a quarter-division of the Empire.

Under the influence of Constantius, Honorius issued the Edict of 418, which was designed to enable the Empire to retain a hold on the lands which were to be surrendered to the Goths.

Under Suppiluliuma I and Mursili II, the Empire was extended to most of Anatolia and parts of Syria and Canaan, so that by 1300 BC the Hittites were bordering on the Egyptian sphere of influence, leading to the inconclusive Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC.

Under the rules of Hammurabi's successors, the Babylonian Empire was weakened by military pressure from the Hittites, who sacked Babylon around 1531 BC ( short ).

Under the government's management, proper usage of Hangul and Hanja, including orthography, was discussed, until Korean Empire was annexed by Japan in 1910.

Under Russian control, Latvia was in the vanguard of industrialisation and the abolition of serfdom so that by the end of the 19th century it had become one of the most developed parts of the Russian Empire.

Under the Maravi Empire, the Chewa had access to the coast of modern day Mozambique.

Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.

Under the Umayyads, the Arabs annexed North Africa and southern Italy from the Romans and the Arab Empire soon stretched from parts of the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and southern Italy, to the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees.

Under Chinese influence, the first European power to successfully implement a merit-based civil system was the British Empire, in their administration of India.

Under Selim and Suleiman, the Empire became a dominant naval force, controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea.

Under the strong and able leadership of Osman, these warriors quickly proved a formidable force, and the foundations of the Empire were quickly laid.

Under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire in 1914 and invaded German overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.

Under its French name Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l ' Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 ( extinguished 1926 ).

Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power.

Under the most favorable assumptions for increase, the Bureau of the Census projects that the annual rate of household formations will rise from about 883,000 in the last two years of the Fifties to an annual rate of about 1,018,000 in the first five years of the Sixties, and to a slightly higher annual rate of 1,083,000 in the second half of the decade.

Under the circumstances, however, the team considered it would provide the most useful information at this point.

Under 28 USC 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior Associate Justice until the disability or the vacancy ends.

Under the new system, most territorial authorities cover both urban and rural land.

Under most countries ' laws ( for example, the United States and the United Kingdom ), copyrights expire at the end of the calendar year in question.

Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10 % of their salaries into privately managed funds.

Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.

Under Veeck's leadership, one of Cleveland's most significant achievements was breaking the color barrier in the American League by signing Larry Doby, formerly a player for the Negro League's Newark Eagles in, eleven weeks after Jackie Robinson signed with the Dodgers.

Under Windows, the most commonly used file manager program is Windows Explorer.

Under Canadian law, the term " Canadian rye whisky " is simply synonymous with " Canadian whisky ", and the primary mash ingredient in most Canadian whisky is corn.

Under Stalin the most powerful position in the party became the General Secretary who was elected by the Politburo.

Under Leopold II's administration, the Congo Free State became the site of one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the twentieth century.

Thomas ' poetry is notable for its musicality, most clear in " Fern Hill ", " In Country Sleep ", " Ballad of the Long-legged Bait " and " In the White Giant's Thigh " from Under Milk Wood.

Under such a system, most people would be able to earn a living without having to rely on the use of the property of others to do so.

Under US law and the laws of most other developed countries, derivatives have special legal exemptions that make them a particularly attractive legal form to extend credit.

Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education.

Under the most favorable circumstances, a total solar eclipse can last for 7 minutes, 31 seconds, and can be viewed along a track that is up to 250 km wide.

Under the direction of the Cinematographer or Director of Photography, the DIT will make adjustments to the multitude of variables available in most professional digital cameras to creatively or technically manipulate the resulting image.

Under a Uniform Act in force in most jurisdictions of the United States, being an organ donor is a simple process that can often be accomplished when a driver's license is renewed.

Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip ( and four in the West Bank ) and the joint Israeli-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9, 000 Israeli settlers ( most of them in the Gush Katif settlement area in the Strip's southwest ) and military bases.

Under President Shevardnadze's leadership, the government had nonetheless made some progress on basic market reforms: all prices and most trade have been liberalized, a stable national currency ( the lari ) was introduced, and massive government downsizing took place.

He has appeared in a large variety of films, most notably in the 1980s and 1990s in major action releases such as Lethal Weapon, Point Break, and Under Siege, as well as making guest appearances on Gunsmoke, Walker, Texas Ranger, Law & Order, and Entourage.

Under this model, simple comparisons like < code > if a < b </ code > do not mean " if the operations to the right evaluate to true " as they would under most languages ; instead it means something more like " if the operations to the right succeed ".

Under some conventions – e. g. the European Convention on Human Rights – individuals or states are permitted, subject to certain conditions, to take individual cases to the enforcement mechanisms ; under most, however ( e. g. the UN conventions ), individual access is contingent on the acceptance of that right by the relevant state party, either by a declaration at the time of ratification or accession, or through ratification of or accession to an optional protocol to the convention.