Planning may involve the development of biological identification systems. Until recently in the United States, most biological defense strategies have been geared to protecting soldiers on the battlefield rather than ordinary people in cities.

Until the recent development of flood control, Baghdad and other cities were subject to the threat of inundation.

Until today, historiographical debates oppose the followers of a foundation of Kanem-Bornu by populations from the ancient Near East and followers of a more local development.

Until this development, each record had to be custom-made.

Until these were in place, inadequate transportation was expected to constitute a major obstacle to economic development.

Until then, Case was the vice president of Monkeystone Games, a game development company she co-founded with Romero.

Until R. v. Powley ( 2003 ), there was little development in such a definition.

Until the development of reinforced barbed tape in the early 1980s, it was rarely used for military purposes or genuine high security facilities because, with the correct tools, it was easier to breach than barbed wire.

Until this point in development, twinning is possible.

Until the advent of programmable logic, discrete bipolar logic was used to prototype and emulate microarchitectures under development.

Until approximately the seventh week of development, the embryo has indifferent sex accessory ducts, which consist of two pairs of ducts: the Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts.

Until the 20th century, optimism about progress was the most common attitude towards science ( with notable exceptions as Herbert G. Wells ), but latent anxieties about disturbing " the secrets of nature " would surface following the increasing role of science in wartime affairs, as well as increased scrutiny of vivisection and the development of the animal rights movement.

Until the 1970s, therefore, most Anglo-Catholics rejected liberalising development such as the conferral of holy orders on women.

Until the completion of the new development, the closest swimming pool is Tooting Lido.

Until the 1970s, most settlement and development in Estero was near the river.

Until this time the area had been essentially a swampland, with a few scattered buildings but no major development.

Until the dissolution of the monasteries during the Reformation in 1552, it shaped the development of the village of Doberan.

Until the development of synthetic immersion oil in the 1940s, cedar oil was widely used for the oil immersion objective in light microscopy.

Until the development of non-lethal weapons, police officers around the world had few if any non-lethal options for riot control.

Until the development of the jet engine, large aircraft commonly used radial engines.

Until his involvement, music and sounds were often neglected in the development of video games and programmers with little musical knowledge were forced to write the soundtracks as well.

Until 2006, Beeston was home to Nottingham Rugby Club, which sold the land next to the railway line ( now the Birkin Fields housing development ) and moved to share the Meadow Lane pitch at the Notts County ground.

Until the Victorian development of the downstream docks at Newport Docks, Caerleon acted as the major port on the River Usk.

Until 1980 the development was quite conservative, but from the years 1980-85 there was a significant growth and new hotels, apartments, cabins, restaurants and shops have been built alongside the development of new activities and attractions.

Until the late 1990s, when blue semiconductor lasers were developed, blue lasers were large and expensive gas laser instruments which relied on population inversion in rare gas mixtures and needed high currents and strong cooling.

Until 1999, drum and bugle corps hornlines within DCI were required to be pitched in the key of G. That year, the DCI rules congress passed a rule change to allow " brass bell-front valve instruments in any key with the exception of sousaphones and trombones.

Until the 1970s a " cord " ( by that time a chain ) was still used, which ran the length of the carriage and connected to a valve at one end which opened the brake pipe.

Until about this time an engine ’ s idle RPM and its operating RPM were very similar, meaning that there was little need for variable valve duration.

Until the invention of vacuum tube ( valve ) oscillators in 1913 such as the Armstrong oscillator, the Alexanderson alternator was an important high-power radio transmitter, and allowed amplitude modulation radio transmission of the human voice.

Until the advent of rational empiricism the controlling habits of the western mind were symbolic and allegoric.

Until the Charter of Liberties was issued in the fall of 1958, there were no guarantees of the right to assemble or to organize for political purposes.

Until that first dedication service, he and Lois felt their children were too young to take part in any religious life at home.

Until then, foreign-language films were honored with the Special Achievement Award.

Until May 2009, the only successful published attacks against the full AES were side-channel attacks on some specific implementations.

Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.

Until the advent of the NICAM and MTS systems, television sound transmissions were invariably monophonic.

Until the end of the 18th Century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.

Until the advent of artillery and aircraft, battles were fought with the two sides within sight, if not reach, of each other.

Until 1928 all notes were " White Notes ", printed in black and with a blank reverse.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.

Until May 2009, the morning business updates on BBC Breakfast and on the BBC News Channel were broadcast from one of the London Stock Exchange's studios in central London.

Until that time, neutron stars, like black holes, were regarded as just theoretical curiosities ; but the discovery of pulsars showed their physical relevance and spurred a further interest in all types of compact objects that might be formed by gravitational collapse.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until June 2007, plague was one of the three epidemic diseases specifically reportable to the World Health Organization ( the two other ones were cholera and yellow fever ).

Until 2003 the Lower Houses were restricted to upper year students but with the double cohort of graduates from Ontario schools many of the rooms were transformed into doubles and now hold first years.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.