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Welsh bardic tradition appears to end in the same 13th century, the Welsh campaigns of Edward I supposedly culminating in the legendary suicide of The Last Bard ( c. 1283 ), as commemorated in the poem The Bards of Wales by the Hungarian poet János Arany in 1857 as a way of encoded resistance to the suppressive politics of his own time.
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Welsh and bardic
I'm not influenced by Welsh bardic poetry.
* Welsh bardic music
The modern Welsh poet John Davies of Denbighshire ( 1841-94 ) took the bardic name of Taliesin Hiraethog.
Like many Welsh poets, he took a bardic name – " Ceiriog " – from the River Ceiriog, which flows through the Ceiriog Valley, where he was born.
In common with many other Welsh people whose names are less than unique, he was known by a nickname or bardic name: Pantycelyn, the name of the farm in the parish of Llanfair-ar-y-bryn where he lived for most of his life.
* William Williams ( Crwys ) ( bardic name Crwys, 1875 – 1968 ), Welsh language poet
The tradition of such a meeting of Welsh artists dates back to at least the 12th century, when a festival of poetry and music was held by Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth at his court in Cardigan in 1176 but, with the decline of the bardic tradition, it fell into abeyance.
David John Thomas ( 15 April 1881 – 13 May 1928 ), often known by his bardic name of " Afan ", was a Welsh composer, conductor, and organist.
The bardic name Pencerdd Gwalia ( Chief of the Welsh minstrels ) was conferred on him at the 1861 Aberdare Eisteddfod.
Carnhuanawc taught her the Welsh language ; she took the bardic name " Gwenynen Gwent ", (' the bee of Gwent ').
On the basis of it, he was invited to take up the job of judging the eisteddfod's bardic competition, with the prize being awarded to Taliesin, the son of the famous Welsh nationalist and Druid, Iolo Morganwg.
Welsh poets often write under bardic names to conceal their identity in Eisteddfod competitions.
He was bilingual in Welsh and English, and took an active part in the Gorsedd, attending Eisteddfodau under the bardic name Pedr Conwy ( Welsh: Peter from Conway ).
* William Ambrose ( 1813 – 1873 ), bardic name Emrys, 19th-century Welsh language poet
His name was recorded in the bardic tradition of Taliesin and became a legendary character in the Welsh Triads, where his father, sister, horse and personal bard are all acclaimed but his wife Penarwan is named one of the " Three Faithless Wives of Britain ", along with her sister Esyllt ( Iseult, Tristan's love ).
Welsh and tradition
This story was later retold with more detail by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his fictionalized Historia Regum Britanniae, conflating the personage of Ambrosius with the Welsh tradition of Merlin the visionary, known for oracular utterances that foretold the coming victories of the native Celtic inhabitants of Britain over the Saxons and the Normans.
Hirwaun moor, 4 miles to the north west of Aberdare, was according to tradition the scene of a battle at which Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Dyfed, was defeated by the allied forces of the Norman Robert Fitzhamon and Iestyn ap Gwrgant, the last Welsh prince of Glamorgan.
* Cerdd Dant ( string music ) or Canu Penillion ( verse singing ) is the art of vocal improvisation over a given melody in Welsh musical tradition.
Renowned Arthurian scholar Ernst Brugger suggested that it was a corruption of Camlann, the site of Arthur's final battle in Welsh tradition.
Geoffrey's description in turn drew on an already established tradition in Welsh oral tradition of the grandeur of Arthur's court.
Welsh tradition also knew of a dagger named Carnwennan and a spear named Rhongomyniad that belonged to him.
* Welsh fiddling ( Welsh Ffidil ; see Ar Log ), a recently revived tradition.
It has been established by tradition over a hundred years ; and although in common with other British anthems, it has not been established as such by law, it has been used in the context of a national anthem at official governmental ceremonies including the opening of the Welsh Assembly and at receptions of the British monarchy.
It established itself as part of Welsh tradition and became known as the Welsh harp ( telyn deires, " three-row harp ").
The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t. Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall.
" Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur's possessions, close family and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius ( Cei ), Beduerus ( Bedwyr ), Guenhuuara ( Gwenhwyfar ), Uther ( Uthyr ) and perhaps also Caliburnus ( Caledfwlch ), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales.
Chrétien's work even appears to feed back into Welsh Arthurian literature, with the result that the romance Arthur began to replace the heroic, active Arthur in Welsh literary tradition.
So, for example, the 16th-century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire, found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval " chronicle tradition ", to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians.
The Minoan Brotherhood was founded in 1977 in New York by Edmund Buczynski, an elder in the Gardnerian, WICA and New York Welsh Traditions, in order to create a Craft tradition for gay and bisexual men — one that would celebrate and explore the distinctive mysteries unique to men who love men.
In fact, the fame of Arthur's entourage became so prominent in Welsh tradition that in the later additions to the Welsh Triads, the formula " Arthur's Court " in the titles of the triads began to supersede the older " Island of Britain " formula.
Caratacus ' memory may have been preserved in medieval Welsh tradition.
An 18th century tradition, popularised by the Welsh antiquarian and forger Iolo Morganwg, credits Caradog, on his return from imprisonment in Rome, with the introduction of Christianity to Britain.
A Welsh tradition in the Brut y Tywysogion claimed that in 890: " he men of Strathclyde, those that refused to unite with the English, had to depart from their country and go into Gwynedd.
Very little historical information about Dark Age Welsh court tradition survives, but the Middle Welsh material came to be the nucleus of the Matter of Britain and Arthurian legend as they developed from the 13th century.
Welsh and appears
In Welsh, Ambrosius appears as Emrys Wledig ( Emperor Ambrose ).
The Celliwig of Culhwch and Olwen appears in the Welsh Triads as well ; interestingly, this early Welsh material places Wales ' greatest leader outside its national boundaries.
Caledfwlch appears in several early Welsh works, including the poem Preiddeu Annwfn and the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen, a work associated with the Mabinogion and written perhaps around 1100.
Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work ; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn.
In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae.
The island of Lindisfarne appears under the Old Welsh name Medcaut in the ninth-century Historia Brittonum.
She appears to have spent three years in the Welsh Marches, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the home counties around London in mid-1528.
The name Rheged appears regularly as an epithet of a certain Urien in a number of early Welsh poems and royal genealogies.
Though no Round Table appears in the early Welsh texts, Arthur is associated with various items of household furniture.
Caradog, son of Bran, who appears in medieval Welsh literature, has also been identified with Caratacus, although nothing in the medieval legend corresponds except his name.
The same year, on 16 August, Eadred was consecrated by Archbishop Oda of Canterbury at Kingston upon Thames ( Surrey, now Greater London ), where he appears to have received the submission of Welsh rulers and northern earls.
Against this, it has been objected that, although the battle may have prevented large-scale movements, the passage of British-speakers between the two areas seemingly stayed possible, given that a Welsh genealogy appears to record that, in the 7th century, the descendants of kings of Pengwern founded a dynasty in the Glastonbury region.
The principal reference to Amaethon appears in the medieval Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen, where he was the only man who could till a certain field, one of the impossible tasks Culhwch had been set before he could win Olwen's hand.
He also appears prominently in the Welsh Triads, the Book of Taliesin and the Stanzas of the Graves.
He also appears in Phillip Mann's alternate history series A Land Fit for Heroes, Judith Tarr's fantasy series, The Hound and the Falcon and the Alamut series, Robert Carter's " The Language of Stones " series, the novel American Gods by Neil Gaiman, the books of the Welsh author Jenny Sullivan and in Jenny Nimmo's Snow Spider Trilogy.
He appears in several of the Welsh Triads, but his most significant role is in the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, Branwen ferch Llŷr.
Maelgwn is not mentioned in the Welsh Triads, but the pestilence that killed him appears as one of the ' Three Dreadful Pestilences of the Isle of Britain '.
Hu Gadarn () is a supposed Welsh legendary figure who appears in several of a series of Welsh Triads produced by the Welsh antiquarian and literary forger Iolo Morganwg.
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