* Mihangel Morgan-leading Welsh language writer, born in Trecynon, some of his literary works feature Aberdare

One of his major works was to bring " Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau " ( the Welsh national anthem ) back in Brittany and create lyrics in Breton.

Dylan Marlais Thomas ( 27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953 ) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems, " Do not go gentle into that good night ", " And death shall have no dominion ", the " play for voices ", Under Milk Wood, and stories and radio broadcasts such as A Child's Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog.

Critics have explored the connection between the creation of Thomas ' mythological pasts into his works such as " The Orchards ", which Ann Elizabeth Mayer believes reflects the Welsh myths of the Mabinogion.

Caledfwlch appears in several early Welsh works, including the poem Preiddeu Annwfn and the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen, a work associated with the Mabinogion and written perhaps around 1100.

Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work ; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn.

After graduating from Cambridge, Powell stayed on at Trinity College as a Fellow, spending much of his time studying ancient manuscripts in Latin and producing academic works in Greek and Welsh.

During his time at Swansea he produced some of his most exciting works of literary criticism: A School of Welsh Augustans ( 1924 ), Williams Pantycelyn ( 1927 ), and Braslun o hanes llenyddiaeth Gymraeg ( An outline history of Welsh literature ) ( 1932 ).

He wrote mostly in Welsh, but he also wrote some works in English.

Older reference works tend to favour the spelling " Caractacus ", but modern scholars agree, based on historical linguistics and source criticism, that the original Brythonic form was * Caratācos, pronounced, which gives the attested names Caradog in Welsh, Karadeg in Breton and Carthach in Irish.

His two works on Wales remain incredibly valuable historical documents, significant for their descriptions — however untrustworthy and inflected by ideology, whimsy, and his unique style — of Welsh and Norman culture.

It is generally agreed today that his most distinguished works are those dealing with Wales and Ireland, with his two books on his beloved Wales the most important: Itinerarium Kambriae and Descriptio Kambriae which tell us much about Welsh history and geography and reflect on the Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English.

His name, spelled as Taliessin in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King and in some subsequent works, means " shining brow " in Middle Welsh.

Spurgeon's works have been translated into many languages, including: Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Castilian ( for the Argentine Republic ), Chinese, Kongo, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, Gaelic, German, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Kaffir, Karen, Lettish, Maori, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish, Syriac, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Welsh, with a few sermons in Moon's and Braille type for the blind.

Scholars are not entirely convinced that the later character of Gawain is derived from the Welsh Gwalchmei ap Gwyar, but later Welsh writers clearly thought this was the case ; the name " Gwalchmei " consistently substitutes for " Gawain " in Cymric translations and adaptations of foreign works, such as the Welsh Romances of the Mabinogion.

The Welsh Commission works with the National Assembly to produce national forestry policies.

Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers.

The Liverpool-born novelist James Hanley ( 1897 – 1985 ) lived in Wales from 1931 until 1963 and was buried there, but only a few of his many works have Welsh subject matters.

( See also Life and Letters Today, which between 1938 – 50 contained works by and about many Welsh writers in English.

In 1851, the Admiralty decided to use Welsh steam coal in ships of the Royal Navy, and this decision boosted the reputation of Aberdare's product and launched a huge international export market.

In Welsh, the shortened form Y Fenni may have come into use for a very short period after about the 15th century, although pronounced similarly in English or Welsh the English spelling Abergavenny is in general use.

Musician Alan Stivell uses a similar dichotomy, between the Gaelic ( Irish / Scottish / Manx ) and the Brythonic ( Breton / Welsh / Cornish ) branches, which differentiate " mostly by the extended range ( sometimes more than two octaves ) of Irish and Scottish melodies and the closed range of Breton and Welsh melodies ( often reduced to a half-octave ), and by the frequent use of the pure pentatonic scale in Gaelic music.

In the Welsh language who's origins, like Cornish is from the ancient British or Brythonic language line, ' Cist ' is also used for such ancient graves, but in modern use, can also mean a chest, a coffer, a box, or even the boot / trunk of a car.

Giraldus Cambrensis, Gerald of Wales, speaking of the bows used by the Welsh men of Gwent, says: " They are made neither of horn, ash nor yew, but of elm ; ugly unfinished-looking weapons, but astonishingly stiff, large and strong, and equally capable of use for long or short shooting.

One of the first modern national education methods to use the native Welsh language was started by Griffith Jones in 1731.

However, many languages use mixtures of bases, and other features, for instance 79 in French is soixante dix-neuf ( 60 + 10 + 9 ) and in Welsh is pedwar ar bymtheg a thrigain ( 4 +( 5 + 10 )+( 3 × 20 )) or ( somewhat archaic ) pedwar ugain namyn un ( 4 × 20 − 1 ).

While First-past-the-post voting is commonly found in countries based on the British parliamentary system, and in Westminster elections in the United Kingdom, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh National Assembly use a form of PR known as the mixed member system, after New Zealand adopted it in 1993.

As well as avoiding the use of these foreign words in his poetry, Barnes would often use a repetition of consonantal sounds similar to the Welsh poetry, cynghanedd.

English, German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Walloon, Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian and Resian use W in native words.

English uses W to represent and in two words ( namely ' cwm ' and ' crwth ', which both are derived directly from Welsh ), German, Polish and Kashubian use it for the voiced labiodental fricative ( with Polish and related Kashubian using Ł for ), and Dutch uses it for or.

Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used in Welsh and Cornish to represent the vowel as well as the related approximant consonant.

In the spring of 1976 Welsh skateboarders Jon Roberts and Pete Matthews developed a Plywood deck with foot bindings for use on the Dry Ski Slope at the school camp, Ogmore-by-Sea, Wales.

Headed by Sidney Gottlieb, the MKUltra project was started on the order of CIA director Allen Welsh Dulles on April 13, 1953 .< ref > Church Committee ; p. 390 " MKUltra was approved by the DCI < nowiki > of Central Intelligence on April 13, 1953 "</ ref > Its remit was to develop mind-controlling drugs for use against the Soviet bloc, largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind control techniques on U. S. prisoners of war in Korea.

In the Wars of the Roses which began in 1455 both sides made considerable use of Welsh troops.

The word " Cofi " () is also used locally in Caernarfon to describe the local Welsh dialect, notable for a number of words not in use elsewhere.

John Edward Lloyd gave the following assessment of Llywelyn: Among the chieftains who battled against the Anglo-Norman power his place will always be high, if not indeed the highest of all, for no man ever made better or more judicious use of the native force of the Welsh people for adequate national ends ; his patriotic statemanship will always entitle him to wear the proud style of Llywelyn the Great.

* Kingdom of Gwent, a post-Roman Welsh kingdom or principality which existed in various forms between about the 5th and 11th centuries, although the name continued in use later.

This English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish colonization caused dramatic upheaval among the indigenous civilizations in the Americas, both directly through the use of imported military force and indirectly through cultural disruption and introduced diseases.

* The Welsh romance Peredur, generally included in the Mabinogion, likely at least indirectly founded on Chrétien's poem but including very striking differences from it, preserving as it does elements of pre-Christian traditions such as the Celtic cult of the head.

Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen, " Pa gur yv y porthaur?

David's popularity in Wales is shown by the Armes Prydein Fawr c. 930, a popular prophetic poem in which the poet prophesied that in the future, when all might seem lost, the Cymry ( the Welsh people ) would unite behind the standard of David to defeat the English ; A lluman glân Dewi a ddyrchafant (" And they will raise the pure banner of Dewi ").

In Welsh versions his name is Gweirydd, son of Cynfelyn, and his brother is called Gwydyr ; the name Arviragus is taken from a poem by Juvenal.

They are best known as the subject of the 6th-century Welsh poem Y Gododdin, which memorializes the Battle of Catraeth and is attributed to Aneirin.

Jones's style can be described as High Modernism ; the poem draws on literary influences from the 6th-century Welsh epic Y Gododdin to Thomas Malory's Morte d ' Arthur to try to make sense of the carnage he witnessed in the trenches.

The Welsh poem Armes Prydein Fawr lamented the unwillingness of Welsh rulers to resist English claims of overlordship.

An early Welsh poem links Arthur to the Tor in an account of a confrontation between Arthur and Melwas, who had kidnapped Queen Guinevere.

* e-book of Madoc, an epic poem in two volumes about the legendary Welsh prince Madoc.

Welsh bardic tradition appears to end in the same 13th century, the Welsh campaigns of Edward I supposedly culminating in the legendary suicide of The Last Bard ( c. 1283 ), as commemorated in the poem The Bards of Wales by the Hungarian poet János Arany in 1857 as a way of encoded resistance to the suppressive politics of his own time.

In the obscure early Welsh poem Cad Goddeu, a possible reference is made to Amaethon / Amathaon, but the passage is obscure.

He is also mentioned in the Welsh Triads and in the medieval poem Cad Goddeu.

Some scholars have proposed that the author took the list from a now-lost Old Welsh poem which listed Arthur's twelve great victories, based on the fact that some of the names appear to rhyme and the suggestion that the odd description of Arthur bearing the image of the Virgin Mary on his shoulders at Guinnion might contain a confusion of the Welsh word iscuit ( shield ) for iscuid ( shoulders ).

Tribuit appears as Tryfrwyd in the Old Welsh poem Pa Gur ?, dating to perhaps the mid-ninth century.

Although the earliest recorded evidence comes from a Welsh poem written by Gryffydd ap Adda ap Dafydd in the mid-14th century, in which he described how people used a tall birch pole at Llanidloes, central Wales.

A stanza interpolated into the early 9th Century Welsh poem Y Gododdin refers to these events:

A Welsh poem states that Áedán's mother was a daughter of King Dumnagual Hen of Alt Clut.

A Welsh triad names Áedán's plundering of Alt Clut as one of the " three unrestrained plunderings of Britain ", and the poem Peiryan Vaban tells of a battle between Áedán and Rhydderch.

In the poem Armes Prydain, composed in the early to mid-tenth century AD, the anonymous author prophesises that the Cymry ( the Welsh people ) will unite and join an alliance of fellow-Celts to repel the Anglo-Saxons, under the banner of St David: A lluman glân Dewi a ddyrchafant ( And they will raise the pure banner of Dewi ).

Cad Goddeu () is a medieval Welsh poem preserved in the 14th-century manuscript known as the Book of Taliesin.

There are contemporary passing allusions to the Battle of Trees elsewhere in the mediaeval Welsh collections: The Welsh Triads record it as a " frivolous " battle, while in another poem of the Book of Taliesin the poet claims to have been present at the battle.