While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of the Big Bang and those of alternative cosmological models, most scientists became convinced that some version of the Big Bang scenario best fit observations after the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, and especially when its spectrum ( i. e., the amount of radiation measured at each wavelength ) was found to match that of thermal radiation from a black body.

While insulation reduces energy loss through the building envelope, thermal mass uses walls to store and release energy.

While he was outside, a spare thermal glove floated away through the open hatch of the spacecraft, becoming an early piece of space debris in low-earth orbit, until it burned up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.

While capable of inflicting severe to catastrophic burns and causing secondary fires, thermal wave effects are considered very limited in range compared to shock and fragmentation.

While the thermal conductivity of a material generally varies with temperature, the variation can be small over a significant range of temperatures for some common materials.

While usually considered to be a women's garment, pantyhose are more and more frequently worn by men for thermal protection and therapeutic relief.

While Terrestrial Planet Finder-C aims to study the planetshine of extrasolar planets, Darwin and Terrestrial Planet Finder-I will search for thermal infrared light that is reradiated ( rather than scattered ) by the planet, and most astronomers would not consider that to be planetshine.

While any material with sufficient tensile strength could conceivably be used to reinforce concrete, steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion: a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress as a result of differential expansions of the two interconnected materials caused by temperature changes.

While this is a simple and frequently utilized solution, it requires additional expensive high-power semiconductors and a well-designed coil with enough thermal mass and heat dissipation capability in order to prevent component failure.

While most of these triggers may result in localized bleaching events ( tens to hundreds of kilometers ), mass coral bleaching events occur at a regional or global scale and are triggered by periods of elevated thermal stress resulting from increased sea surface temperatures.

While existing generation facilities provide only 600 megawatts of solar thermal power worldwide in October 2009, plants for an additional 400 megawatts are under construction and development is underway for concentrated solar power projects totalling 14, 000 megawatts.

While on orbit, Challenger made a number of altitude and attitude adjustments, in order to test the behavior of a Shuttle orbiter and to perform some experiments in different thermal conditions.

While temperature changes allow tuning over 100 cm < sup >− 1 </ sup >, it is limited by slow tuning rates ( a few hertz ), due to the thermal inertia of the system.

While the two reactor configuration, with each core providing a much greater thermal output, is relatively less expensive than earlier designs, the power plant still represents about half the total cost of the ship.

While TCDs are essentially universal and can be used to detect any component other than the carrier gas ( as long as their thermal conductivities are different from that of the carrier gas, at detector temperature ), FIDs are sensitive primarily to hydrocarbons, and are more sensitive to them than TCD.

While excimer lasers were initially used for industrial purposes, in 1980, R. Srinivasan, a scientist of IBM who was using an excimer laser to make microscopic circuits in microchips for informatics equipment, discovered that the excimer could also be used to cut organic tissues with high accuracy without significant thermal damage.

While the health concerns are very uncertain, various health and science oriented political pressure organizations such as the Environmental Working Group have pressed for these versions to be pulled from market, but BPA-free and totally phenol-free thermal paper is available.

While this ( or any ) tactic would be useless for someone at ground zero during a nuclear blast, it would be beneficial to the vast majority of people who are positioned away from the blast hypocenter: both the thermal pulse of some weapons and shrapnel from all weapons ( particularly from shattered windows ) could be evaded.

While the static lattice does not hinder the motion of the electrons, electrons can be scattered by impurities and by phonons ; these two interactions determine electrical and thermal conductivity ( superconductivity requires a more refined theory than the free electron model ).

While the base is similar, unlike the PS2 / Xbox / PC version, thermal in the NGC also lacked a final touch, the full screen color bleeding " infrared " post effect.

While gasoline-powered ICE cars have an operational thermal efficiency of 15 % to 30 %, early automotive steam units were capable of only about half this efficiency.

While metals do become slightly more resistant at higher temperatures, this class of ceramics ( often barium titanate and lead titanate composites ) has a highly nonlinear thermal response, so that it becomes extremely resistant above a composition-dependent threshold temperature.

While more resistant to thermal shock than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subject to rapid or uneven temperature variations.

While there are many different ways electroactive polymers can be characterized, only three will be addressed here: stress-strain curve, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and dielectric thermal analysis.

While CT of the lungs is usually adequate, a positron emission tomography ( PET ) scan of the body may also be performed to search for an occult tumour, particularly of the lung.

While most oil companies were switching to leaded gasolines en masse during the mid-to-late 1920s, American Oil chose to continue marketing its premium-grade " Amoco-Gas " ( later Amoco Super-Premium ) as a lead-free gasoline by using aromatics rather than tetraethyllead to increase octane levels, decades before the environmental movement of the early 1970s led to more stringent auto emission controls which ultimately mandated the universal phase out of leaded gasoline.

While most in the field acknowledges that isoprene emission affects aerosol formation, whether isoprene increases or decreases aerosol formation is debated.

While the 1970 and 1971 model years initially had the same 1500 cc Ford V4 engine as the Sonett V4, emission control requirements reduced the available horsepower.

While the base does fluoresce in the presence of ionizing radiation, its low yield and negligible transparency to its own emission make the use of fluors necessary in the construction of a practical scintillator.

While emission performance standards have been used to dictate limits for conventional pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulfur ( NOx and SOx ), this regulatory technique may be used to regulate greenhouse gasses, particularly carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >).

While the skeptics accept that an accelerating object thermalises at the Unruh temperature, they do not believe that this leads to the emission of photons, arguing that the emission and absorption rates of the accelerating particle are balanced.

While the Stage I 455 in³ ( 7. 5 L ) V8 was somewhat diminished from its performance heyday due to emission controls, the Century GS coupes of 1973 to 1975 remained strong performers by the standards of the time.

While some mandatory emission reduction schemes exclude forest projects, these projects flourish in the voluntary markets.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, < sup > 61 </ sup > Ge and < sup > 64 </ sup > Ge decay by β < sup >+</ sup > delayed proton emission.

While the pattern is uneven, some having gained more than others, nationalism has in fact served the Western peoples well.

While sovereignty has roots in antiquity, in its present usage it is essentially modern.

While it is hazardous to project the trend of history, it seems clear that a genuine community is painfully emerging in the Western world, particularly among the countries of Western Europe.

While he is worldly, the musician often cultivates public attitudes of childlike astonishment and naivete.

While some think we move too fast and others too slowly, Florida's record is a good one and stands out among the 50.

While white is the coolest summer shade, there are lots of pastel hues along with tintable fabrics that will blend with any wardrobe color.

While it is easy enough to ridicule Hawkins' pronouncement in Pleas Of The Crown from a metaphysical point of view, the concept of the `` oneness '' of a married couple may reflect an abiding belief that the communion between husband and wife is such that their actions are not always to be regarded by the criminal law as if there were no marriage.

While this may well be true in general, I believe it is also important to keep in mind that some recent developments suggest that over the next year or so military electronics may be one of the most strongly growing areas in an economy which is not expanding rapidly in other directions.

While clay is still pressed in mold, press three equally spaced holes 1/4'' '' deep, using pencil eraser, in bottom of clay to allow for proper drying and firing.

While assembled lid is still on design head, gently but firmly press it on plaster board.

While some regression is inevitable, it is discouraged rather than encouraged so that the transference does not follow the stages of planned regression associated with certain casework adaptations of the psychoanalytic model for insight therapy.

While other conditions might be even more effective in bringing about a change from immobility to mobility in Kohnstamm reactivity, it is our hypothesis that all such conditions would have as a common factor the capacity to induce an attitude in the subject which enabled him to divorce himself temporarily from feelings of responsibility for his behavior.

While we had expected that compulsive children in the unstructured school setting would have difficulty when compared to those in the structured, we were surprised to find that the achievement of the high compulsives within the schools where the whole-word method is used in beginning reading compares favorably with that of the low compulsives.

While roleplaying for testing is not too well understood at the present time, it represents one of the major uses of this procedure.

While the phonemes can be very easily stated, no one is likely to be satisfied with the statement until phonemic occurrences can be related in some way to morphemic units, i.e. until the morphophonemics is worked out, or at least far enough that it seems reasonable to expect success.

While the U. S. Department of Labor has a program of projecting industry and occupational employment trends and publishing current outlook statements, there is little tangible evidence that these projections have been used extensively in local curriculum planning.

While it had long been known in general, that `` the public is always wrong '', the use of odd-lot indices now puts the adage on a statistical basis.

While there may be several such industries to which the model of this paper is applicable, the authors make particular claim of relevance to the explanation of the course of wages and prices in the steel industry of the United States since World War 2.

While this influence is a complex matter, depending upon personality factors in the individual as well as upon his social-class experience, there probably are some general statements about social-class background and educational policy that can be made with a fair degree of truth.

While one element is announcing progress, another is delineating its problems.