The first known example is Yuan Huangtou in 550AD.

Gao Yang sponsored the flight ; Yuan Huangtou, a prisoner, is the unwilling aviator ; other imprisoned kite flyers also fly, but those die and Yuan survives.

( Rendering: the 3rd year of Yongding, 559, Gao Yang conducted an experiment by having Yuan Huangtou and a few prisoners launch themselves from a tower in Ye, capital of the Northern Qi.

Yuan Huangtou, a Chinese prince, survived by tying himself to the kite.

The Song Dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, while the Yuan Dynasty was the first to use notes as the predominant circulating medium.

Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a century, there was relatively strong sentiment among the populace against the Mongol rule.

The Yuan Dynasty was eventually overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368.

Sun Yat-sen was declared as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai, who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate ( a decision Sun would later regret ).

Yuan death in 1916 left a power vacuum in China ; the republican government was all but shattered.

During the Yuan dynasty, Halal methods of slaughtering animals and preparing food was banned and forbidden by the Mongol Emperors, starting with Genghis Khan who banned Muslims and Jews from slaughtering their animals their own way, and making them follow the Mongol method.

After the Legislative Yuan rejected Chu, Li was obliged to choose Yan Xishan instead.

The title was briefly revived from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916 by President Yuan Shikai and again in early July 1917 when General Zhang Xun attempted to restore last Qing emperor Puyi to the throne.

The oldest surviving gun, made of bronze, has been dated to 1288 because it was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District, Heilongjiang, China, where the Yuan Shi records that battles were fought at that time.

In China, performances of Hamlet often have political significance: Gu Wuwei's 1916 The Usurper of State Power, an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth, was an attack on Yuan Shikai's attempt to overthrow the republic.

During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.

An example of such would be Qian Xuan ( 1235 – 1305 AD ), who was an official of the Song Dynasty, but out of patriotism, refused to serve the Yuan court and dedicated himself to painting.

His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj was stymied by the Sultan, who asked him instead to become his ambassador to Yuan Dynasty China.

Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.

The Yuan dynasty in China, which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants, was overthrown, and the new Ming rulers were found to be inward oriented and unreceptive to foreign religious proselytism.

Kaohsiung was upgraded to a special municipality on July 1, 1979, by the Executive Yuan, which approved this proposal on November 19, 1978.

Chinese Islamic cuisine is another important component of Beijing cuisine, and was first prominently introduced when Beijing became the capital of the Yuan Dynasty.

Yuan Shikai was an adept politician and general.

This was followed by the dismissal of General Yuan Shikai from his former positions of power.

In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government.

The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who exploited his position to eventually become President of the Republic of China, dictator and finally abortive emperor of China.

In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.

* 1332 – Rinchinbal Khan, Emperor Ningzong of Yuan becomes the Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, reigning for only 53 days.

He collaborated with Liu Bei on this effort, but Cao Cao soon found out about the plot and had Dong Cheng and his conspirators executed, with only Liu Bei surviving and fleeing to join Yuan Shao in the north.

Both the Qing court and Yuan were fully aware that the Beiyang Army was the only Qing force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries.

Zaifeng, forced to resign his regency, made way for Yuan to compose a newly created, predominantly Han Chinese Cabinet of confidants, consisting of only one Manchu, who held the position of Minister of Suzerainty.

To further reward Yuan's loyalty to the court, the Empress Dowager Longyu offered Yuan the noble title Marquis of the First Rank ( 一等侯 ), an honour only previously given to General Zeng Guofan.

In the 2001 Legislative Yuan election, the party only won 1 seat in Kinmen.

Although sometimes referred to as a " parliament ", the Legislative Yuan, under Sun's political theory, is a branch of government, while only the National Assembly of the Republic of China ( now abolished ), with the power to amend the constitution and formerly to elect the President and Vice President, could be considered a parliament.

Under Yuan Shao's leadership, eighteen warlords form a coalition force in a campaign against Dong Zhuo, but undermined by poor leadership and conflict of interest, they only manage to drive Dong from Luoyang to Chang ' an.

By the time of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) all knowledge of the game of Liubo had been lost, and it is only with the archeological discoveries of recent years that the game has become better known.

Zen Buddhism played a large role in spreading not only religious but also artistic influences, especially those derived from painting of the Chinese Song ( 960-1279 ), Yuan, and Ming dynasties.

First, not only did the Crown Prince Party cause some resentment among the general public, but they also caused resentment within the vast major of Party members who did not have a powerful relative ; for example, Chen Yuan, son of Chen Yun ; and Chen Haosu, son of Chen Yi lost their election in Beijing and had to be transferred to other positions.

Yuan became increasingly disrespectful of the dynasty and only loyal to the party from which he benefited ; his defection to Cixi against Guangxu Emperor was a major blow to the Hundred Days Reform.

Yuan kept a tight grip on the command of the army after its establishment by installing officials only loyal to him ; however, after his death in 1916, the army groups were quickly fragmented into four major forces of combative warlords, according to the locations of garrisons.

He defeated the Mamluk army at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, but was only briefly able to occupy Syria, due to distracting raids from the Chagatai Khanate, under its de facto ruler Kaidu, who was at war with both the Ilkhans and the Yuan Dynasty.

( Lady Zhen gave birth to Cao Pi's eldest son Cao Rui only eight months later — which created murmurs that Cao Rui might have been biologically Yuan Xi's son and not Cao Pi's, although the possibilities appeared farfetched.

Yuan Shao used Guo Tu's idea and sent Zhang He and Gao Lan to lead his main army to attack Cao Cao's main camp at Guandu, while only sending a small cavalry unit to reinforce Wuchao.

Yuan Shao himself fled north across the Yellow River with only about 800 cavalry, which was what was left of his army.

Order was restored only when Yuan Shao reached the camp of his general Jiang Yiqu, from where he gathered his straggling troops.

The Maoist interpretation, while taking note of Yuan Shao's serious errors of judgement, advocates that the strong enemy will make fateful errors, while the weaker opponent need only to await their appearance.

The Chuci collection consists primarily of poems ascribed to Qu Yuan ( 329-299 BCE ) and his follower Song Yu, although in its present form the anthology dates to Wang I's 158 CE compilation and notes, which are the only historically reliable source of both the text and information regarding its composition.

They decided to use the help of Yuan Shikai, who had a modernised army, albeit only 6, 000-strong.

According to Qing scholar Wei Yuan, 40 % of the 600, 000 Zunghar people were killed by smallpox, 20 % fled to Russia or Kazakh tribes, and 30 % were killed by the army, in what Clarke described as " the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people.

Horvitz and his colleague Junying Yuan found in 1993 that the protein encoded by the ced-3 gene is cysteine protease with similar properties to the mammalian interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme ( ICE ) ( now known as caspase 1 ), which at the time was the only known caspase.