Structuralism was a broad philosophical movement that developed particularly in France in the 1950s, partly in response to French Existentialism, but is considered by many to be an exponent of High-Modernism, though its categorization as either a Modernist or Postmodernist trend is contested.

A response from Mistress Toppe follows this epistle in Poems and Fancies, in which Toppe praises Cavendish and her skill in poetical fiction, moral instruction, philosophical opinion, dialogue, discourses and poetical romances.

In response to the " temporary dispensation " theory, they point to Hirsch in Collected Writings as continually stressing the philosophical and religious imperative of Torah im Derech Eretz for all times ( Note that Hirsch himself addressed this contention: " Torah im Derech Eretz ... is not part of troubled, time bound notions ; it represents the ancient, traditional wisdom of our sages that has stood the test everywhere and at all times.

The academic field of environmental ethics grew up in response to the work of scientists such as Rachel Carson and events such as the first Earth Day in 1970, when environmentalists started urging philosophers to consider the philosophical aspects of environmental problems.

This was developed in response to the philosophical dogmatism in Plato's Academy at the time.

Contemporary Islamic scholars have pointed out the inapplicability of this early philosophical division of the world given its lack of scriptural backing and its reflection of an early Muslim response to geo-political realities that simply do not exist today in a globalized world of international law.

Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, it also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and philosophical dimensions.

Some time may be spent identifying the concepts raised by the stimulus, and then participants frame their own philosophical questions in response to the stimulus and vote for the one they wish to explore.

Lipman's method involves reading philosophically stimulating narrative to children and encouraging them to come up with philosophical questions in response.

Part of the problem stems from that fact that ethnophilosophy is in large part a response to Western views of African thought ; this polemical rôle works against its philosophical validity.

The novels were written largely in response to the events of World War II and the Nazi occupation of France, and express certain significant shifts in Sartre's philosophical position towards ' engagement ' ( commitment ) in both life and literature, finding their resolution in the extended essay L ' existentialisme est un humanisme ( Existentialism is a Form of Humanism ), which was criticized from both sides of the existentialist fence.

He and Sanjeev Kulkarni have suggested that elementary statistical learning theory offers a kind of response to the philosophical problem of induction.

Aristotle's response, as a Greek, could hardly be affirmative, never having been told of a creatio ex nihilo ( for the first appearance of this concept in philosophy, see St. Augustine ); but he also has philosophical reasons for denying that motion didn't exist all along, on the grounds of the theory presented in the earlier books of the Physics.

The natural-evil-as-necessity argument is meant to be a response to the classic philosophical argument of the Problem of Evil, which contends that an all-powerful, all-knowing and beneficent God cannot exist as such because natural evil ( mudslides which crush the legs of innocent children, for instance ) occurs.

Another less critical response to Al-Ghazali's arguments was written by Ibn Rushd's predecessor Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) as part of his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan ( later translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus ).

A more nuanced, mainly implied, critique came from Jürgen Moltmann, whose philosophical roots lay in the Left Hegelians, Karl Marx and Ernst Bloch, and who proposed and elaborated a Theology of Hope, rather than of prolepsis, as a distinctively Christian response to History.

In 2006, John Howard said in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of Quadrant that " Political Correctness " was dead in Australia but: " we should not underestimate the degree to which the soft-left still holds sway, even dominance, especially in Australia's universities "; and in 2006, Sydney Morning Herald Political Editor Peter Hartcher reported that Opposition foreign affairs spokesman Kevin Rudd was entering the philosophical debate by arguing in response that " John Howard, is guilty of perpetrating ' a fraud ' in his so-called culture wars ... designed not to make real change but to mask the damage inflicted by the Government's economic policies ".

While Western philosophical traditions, as exemplified by Descartes, equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind / body dualism ; some Eastern philosophies provide an alternate viewpoint, intimately related to substance dualism, by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.

" As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches ( speculative, prescriptive, and / or analytic ) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few.

* Either / Or, an influential philosophical text by Søren Kierkegaard, purports to be a collection of texts discovered and edited by Kierkegaard's pseudonymous author Victor Eremita.

Ancient India had two philosophical streams of thought: The Shramana philosophical schools, represented by Jainism movement, and the Brahmana / Vedic / Puranic schools represented by Vedanta, Vaishnava and other movements.

The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal love ; asking if and how love is / can be justified ; asking what the value of love is ; and what impact love has on the autonomy of both the lover and the beloved.

These might include: matter, energy, information, real estate, design services, entertainment services, legal services, fame, political power, or the attention of other people to one's political / religious / philosophical message.

Founded the philosophical / ethical school of thought known as utilitarianism.

He subdivided nonscience into philosophical, mathematical, mythological, religious and / or metaphysical formulations on one hand, and pseudoscientific formulations on the other, though he did not provide clear criteria for the differences.

Wolfgang Paalen left the group in 1942 due to political / philosophical differences with Breton, founding his journal Dyn.

John Dewey, less broadly than James but more broadly than Peirce, held that inquiry, whether scientific, technical, sociological, philosophical or cultural, is self-corrective over time if openly submitted for testing by a community of inquirers in order to clarify, justify, refine and / or refute proposed truths.

According to a survey of professional philosophers and others on their philosophical views which was carried out in November 2009 ( taken by 3226 respondents, including 1803 philosophy faculty members and / or PhDs and 829 philosophy graduate students ) 44. 9 % of respondents accept or lean towards correspondence theories, 20. 7 % accept or lean towards deflationary theories and 13. 8 % epistemic theories.

In Confucianism and religious forms of Taoism these are often explicitly moral / ethical arguments about proper behavior, while Buddhism and more philosophical forms of Taoism usually refer to the natural and mercurial outcomes of action ( comparable to karma ).

Special motifs on cards added to regular packs show philosophical, social, poetical, astronomical, and heraldic ideas, Roman / Greek / Babylonian heroes, as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi ( 1491 ) and the Boiardo Tarocchi poem, written at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494.

In spite of this freedom and diversity, there seem to be some basic theological / philosophical ideas which form a core of UU identity.

Søren Kierkegaard publishes his famous philosophical book " Either / Or " in 1843.

Derrida contributed to " the understanding of certain deeply hidden philosophical presuppositions and prejudices in Western culture ", arguing that the whole philosophical tradition rests on arbitrary dichotomous categories ( such as sacred / profane, signifier / signified, mind / body ), and that any text contains implicit hierarchies, " by which an order is imposed on reality and by which a subtle repression is exercised, as these hierarchies exclude, subordinate, and hide the various potential meanings.

J. M. Thompson, in his 1914 article in The Hibbert Journal ( a quarterly philosophical review ), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion: " The raison d ' etre of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition.

* Aizawa, Kenneth, " Connectionism and artificial intelligence: history and philosophical interpretation ", Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, Volume 4, Issue 4, 1992, Pages 295-313

The Springer Journal of Philosophical Logic largely addresses this conception of philosophical logic.

Theodore Dalrymple, a British author, physican, and political commentator, has written for City Journal that Brutalist structures represent an artifact of European philosophical totalitarianism, a " spiritual, intellectual, and moral deformity.

In September 1811, John Collins Warren, a Boston physician, along with James Jackson, submitted a formal prospectus to establish the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Science as a medical and philosophical journal.

* MANAS Journal, a weekly philosophical journal published in 1948 – 1988

During the period of his fellowship at Lincoln, he had also contributed articles on philosophical subjects to Mind, the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, and the International Journal of Ethics.

Clifton and Samisdat were influenced by the Gandhian philosophical newspaper Manas Journal, published by the late Henry Geiger.

He founded and edited the first philosophical periodical in America, the Journal of Speculative Philosophy ( 1867 ), editing it until 1893.

* Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care has as its purpose advancing the discussion of the theory and practice of Christian formation and soul care for the sake of the educational ministries of the church, Christian education, and other para-church organizations through scholarly publications that are rooted in Biblical exegesis, systematic theology, the history of Christian spirituality, philosophical analysis, psychological theory / research, spiritual theology, and Christian experience.

Although better known for his astronomical and philosophical work, Peirce also conducted what are perhaps the first American psychology experiments, on the subject of color vision, published in 1877 in the American Journal of Science ( see Cadwallader, 1974 ).

He then turned to journalism and began the Journal de politique et de literature, which he employed for two years in literary, philosophical and legal criticisms.