Most of the research activities into e-Science have focused on the development of new computational tools and infrastructures to support scientific discovery.

This has led to various research that attempts to define the properties that e-Science platforms should provide in order to support a new paradigm of doing science.

In Europe the development of computing capabilities to support the CERN Large Hadron Collider has led to the development of e-Science and Grid infrastructures which are also used by other disciplines.

To support e-Science applications, Open Science Grid combines interfaces to more than 100 nation-wide clusters, 50 interfaces to geographically distributed storage caches, and 8 campus grids ( Purdue, Wisconsin-Madison, Clemson, Nebraska-Lincoln, FermiGrid at FNAL, SUNY-Buffalo, and Oklahoma in the United States ; and UNESP in Brazil ).

Within the UK regional e-Science centres support their local universities and projects, including:

Challenging applications motivate and validate this research, in particular the Semantic Web and e-Science.

Due to the complexity of the software and the backend infrastructural requirements, e-Science projects usually involve large teams managed and developed by research laboratories, large universities or governments.

It was established in July 2002 and in addition to its main role of promoting and supporting the use of e-Science and grid technologies within the field of environmental research, its purpose is to:

The UK e-Science programme comprised a wide range of resources, centres and people including the National e-Science Centre ( NeSC ) which is managed by the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, with facilities in both cities.

* To provide the growing set of major computationally intensive science ( often termed e-Science ) projects, initiatives and experiments with the dedicated bandwidth, deterministic performance characteristics, and / or other advanced network capabilities they need ; and

* Enabling Desktop Grids for e-Science, a European project to construct a computing Grid infrastructure, coordinated by Péter Kacsuk

The funded UK e-Science programme was reviewed on its completion in 2009 by an international panel led by Daniel Atkins, director of the Office of Cyberinfrastructure of the US NSF.

The report concluded that the programme had developed a skilled pool of expertise, some services, and had led to cooperation between academia and industry, but that these achievements were at a project level rather than by generating infrastructure or transforming disciplines to adopt e-Science as a normal method of work, and that they were not self-sustainable without further investment.

US-based initiatives, where the term cyberinfrastructure is typically used to define e-Science projects, are primarily funded by the National Science Foundation office of cyberinfrastructure ( NSF OCI ) and Department of Energy ( in particular the Office of Science ).

Other views include Science 2. 0 where e-Science is considered to be a shift from the publication of final results by well-defined collaborative groups towards a more open approach, which includes the public sharing of raw data, preliminary experimental results, and related information.

The work supported by the project is sometimes called e-Science.

Particle physics has a well developed e-Science infrastructure in particular because of its need for adequate computing facilities for the analysis of results and storage of data originating from the CERN Large Hadron Collider, which started taking data in 2009.

** The London e-Science Center has created a " Transfer-queue over Globus ( TOG )" package and provides instructions on how to configure a Globus Toolkit 2 or 3 or a Globus Toolkit 4 server so that it can submit jobs for execution on a local Sun Grid Engine installation.

TeraGrid is an e-Science grid computing infrastructure combining resources at eleven partner sites.

Proceedings of the UK e-Science All Hands Meeting, ISBN 1-904425-53-4, September 2005, Nottingham, UK.

As of September 2010, The Human-Centered Computing Group is located at the South Campus on Amager, and the e-Science center in the building of the Hans Christian Ørsted Institute, also at Universitetsparken.

Currently there is a large focus in e-Science in the United Kingdom, where the UK e-Science programme provides significant funding.

In November 2000 John Taylor announced £ 98 million pounds for a national UK e-Science programme.

Additional funding for UK e-Science activities was provided from European Union funding, from university funding council SRIF funding for hardware, and from JISC for networking and other infrastructure.

This notion of the Semantic Grid was first articulated in the context of e-Science, observing that such an approach is necessary to achieve a high degree of easy-to-use and seamless automation enabling flexible collaborations and computations on a global scale.

Cyberinfrastructure is more often called e-Science or e-Research.

Society here and abroad has been built around the dominating male -- even the Bible appears to endorse the concept.

The fundamental principles of Jainism revolve around the concept of altruism, not only for humans but for all sentient beings.

The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny quantities has been around for millennia, but these ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation.

Ford was the first company to build large factories around the assembly line concept.

The progressive bands that were still around were still having major successes with concept albums.

In fictional accounts, the Dyson-sphere concept is often interpreted as an artificial hollow sphere of matter around a star.

The concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana ( between 500 and 301 BC ) and Mahabharata ( around 4th century BC ) where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment.

This work underlies the concept of electronegativity equalization, which suggests that electrons distribute themselves around a molecule to minimize or to equalize the Mulliken electronegativity.

The concept of picking players and running a contest based on their year-to-date stats has been around since shortly after World War II, Wilfred Winkenbach devised fantasy golf in the latter part of the 1950s, in which each player selected a team of professional golfers and the person with the lowest combined total of strokes at the end of the tournament would win.

According to Arendt, the concept of freedom became associated with the Christian notion of freedom of the will, or inner freedom, around the 5th century C. E.

c. BC ) opposed the concept of a spherical Earth, because he considered that in an infinite universe there was no center towards which heavy bodies would tend, thus he considered the idea of animals walking around topsy-turvy under the Earth to be absurd.

Kildall was one of the first people to see microprocessors as fully capable computers rather than equipment controllers and to organize a company around this concept.

) had suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but Copernicus's concept was the first to be accepted as a valid scientific possibility.

Michael Behe developed his ideas on the concept around 1992, in the early days of the ' wedge movement ', and first presented his ideas about " irreducible complexity " in June 1993 when the " Johnson-Behe cadre of scholars " met at Pajaro Dunes in California.

: The knowledge base underlying the INTERNIST system is composed of two basic types of elements: disease entities and manifestations .... also contains a ... hierarchy of disease categories, organized primarily around the concept of organ systems, having at the top level such categories as " liver disease ," " kidney disease ," etc.

The concept of creating studio recordings that lack the lead vocal has been around for nearly as long as recording itself.

The design was not a uniquely British concept as similar ships were being built around the world, nor was it uniquely intended as a counter to German naval expansion, but the effect was to immediately require Germany to reconsider its naval building program.

Niven's most famous contribution to the SF genre is his concept of the Ringworld, a band of approximately the same diameter as Earth's orbit rotating around a star.

The philosophical concept that matter might be composed of discrete units that cannot be further divided has been around for millennia.

The original concept of a motel as a motorist's hotel which grew up around the highways of the 1920s is of American origin.

The CIM concept was patterned after nations like Germany's hauptschule system, in which the students who are not going to elite universities end their school-based education around age 16 and start career-oriented training in fields like construction technology, allied health professions, and business.

Concern about the rapid pace of technological change crystallized around the concept of the technological singularity, popularized by Vernor Vinge's novel Marooned in Realtime and then taken up by other authors.

Catholics charge that modalistic monarchianism has its origin by means of influence in Greek pagan philosophy, including pagan philosophers like Euclid and Aristotle, who based their logic on Monism and Aristotle's arguments around his concept energeia ( i. e. energy ) called metaphysics.

Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 " Real World of Technology " lecture, gave another definition of the concept ; it is " practice, the way we do things around here ".

For example, the political concept of traditionalism is based around it, as are strands of many world religions including traditional Catholicism.