[permalink] [id link]
where is the Boltzmann constant, T is temperature ( assumed to be a well-defined quantity ), is the degeneracy ( meaning, the number of levels having energy ; sometimes, the more general ' states ' are used instead of levels, to avoid using degeneracy in the equation ), N is the total number of particles and Z ( T ) is the partition function.
from
Wikipedia
Some Related Sentences
where and is
But California is where we're goin ''.
He thought of the jungles below him, and of the wild, strange, untracked beauty there and he promised himself that someday he would return, on foot perhaps, to hunt in this last corner of the world where man is sometimes himself the hunted, and animals the lords.
Now I wish to enter the American market, where the competition is very strong.
from downstream, where the water level is much lower, it is a high, elaborately facaded pavilion.
The answers derived by these means may determine not only the temporal organization of the dance but also its spatial design, special slips designating the location on the stage where the movement is to be performed.
Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking, but where some explanations are possible, as with lightning and weather and earthquakes, the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated.
Robert Penn Warren puts it this way in `` Brother To Dragons '': `` The recognition of complicity is the beginning of innocence '', where innocence, I think, means about the same thing as redemption.
A dominant motive is the poet's longing for his homeland and its boyhood associations: `` Not men-folk, but the fields where I would stray, The stones where as a child I used to play ''.
In a society where everything is for sale, Marlowe is the only man who cannot be bought.
This is done for simplicity of commands and to bring the hidden redundancy up to where misunderstanding has almost zero possibility.
As to benefits to employees, it is notorious for its callous disregard except where it depends on them for services.
`` The Moral Creed '' and `` The Will To Risk '' live happily together, if we do not examine where the line is to be drawn.
Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.
Ptolemy's problem is to forecast where, against the inverted bowl of night, some particular light will be found at future times.
She was exposing herself to temptation which it is best to avoid where it can consistently be done.
Such performance is a great tribute to American scientists and engineers, who in the past five years have had to telescope time and technology to develop these long-range ballistic missiles, where America had none before.
but it is perennially restructured in situations where anchors are dragged or lost.
`` History has this in common with every other science: that the historian is not allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge, except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place, and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration, the grounds upon which it is based.
Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread.
where and Boltzmann
The Boltzmann distribution is often expressed in terms of β = 1 / kT where β is referred to as thermodynamic beta.
where E < sub > a </ sub > is the activation energy and k < sub > B </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant.
The plasma pressure can be calculated by the state equation of a perfect gas, where is the particle number density, the Boltzmann constant and the plasma temperature.
where σ is the Stefan – Boltzmann constant.
where n is the refraction index, is the photoelastic coefficient of the glass, is Boltzmann constant, and is the isothermal compressibility.
where n < sub > i </ sub > stands for the number of particles occupying level i or the number of feasible microstates corresponding to macrostate i ; U < sub > i </ sub > stands for the energy of i ; T stands for temperature ; and k < sub > B </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant.
where is the Boltzmann constant, is temperature and is energy of state.
where m is the atomic mass, ν is the frequency, u is the average vibration amplitude, k < sub > B </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
where is a constant resulting from the numerical solution of the maximization equation, k is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck constant, and T is the temperature ( in kelvins ).
where k is the Boltzmann constant, h is Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum.
The so-called Landauer limit implied by the laws of physics sets a lower limit on the energy required to perform a computation of per bit erased in a computation, where T is the temperature of the computing device in kelvins, k is the Boltzmann constant, and the natural logarithm of 2 is about 0. 693.
where W is the work function of the metal, k is the Boltzmann constant and the proportionality constant A, known as Richardson's constant, is given by
where is the electron plasma frequency, is the number density of electrons and ions, is the classical radius of electron, is its mass, is the Boltzmann constant, and is the speed of light.
where a is the particle radius, P < sub >∞</ sub > and P < sub > A </ sub > are the pressures far from the droplet and at the surface of the droplet respectively, k < sub > b </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, C < sub > A </ sub > is mean thermal velocity and α is mass accommodation coefficient.
where k is the Boltzmann constant in J / K, T is the temperature in K, p is pressure in Pascals, and d is the diameter of the gas particles in meters.
The expected number of particles with energy for Maxwell – Boltzmann statistics is where:
where E < sub > F </ sub > is the Fermi energy, k is the Boltzmann constant and T is temperature.
with ε < sub > i </ sub > > μ and where n < sub > i </ sub > is the number of particles in state i, g < sub > i </ sub > is the degeneracy of state i, ε < sub > i </ sub > is the energy of the ith state, μ is the chemical potential, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is absolute temperature.
He for the first time took the position that the Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution would not be true for microscopic particles where fluctuations due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle will be significant.
where B is the spectral radiance, T is the absolute temperature of the black body, k < sub > B </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck constant, and c is the speed of light.
The thermionic emission current density, J, can be related to the work function of the emitting material and is a Boltzmann distribution given below, where A is a constant, Φ is the work function and T is the temperature of the material.
where J is the emission current density, T is the temperature of the metal, W is the work function of the metal, k is the Boltzmann constant, and A < sub > G </ sub > is a parameter discussed next.
where S is entropy, k < sub > B </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant, and is the number of microstates consistent with the macroscopic configuration.
where is the Boltzmann constant.
0.677 seconds.