Agenda 2010 had five goals: tax cuts ; labor market deregulation, especially relaxing rules protecting workers from dismissal and setting up Hartz concept job training ; modernizing the welfare state by reducing entitlements ; decreasing bureaucratic obstacles for small businesses ; and providing new low-interest loans to local governments.

However, Karl Marx never used the phrase " labor theory of value " to describe his theory of value, but instead made reference to a law of value, which is not to be confused with the classical economics concept of labor theory of price.

Other writers ( including Joseph Schumpeter ) have traced back the concept even further to Ibn Khaldun, who in his Muqaddimah ( 1377 ), described labor as the source of value, necessary for all earnings and capital accumulation, obvious in the case of craft.

That is, the concept abstracts from the particular characteristics of all of the labor and is akin to average labor.

The collectivist anarchists sought to collectivize ownership of the means of production while retaining payment proportional to the amount and kind of labor of each individual, but the anarcho-communists sought to extend the concept of collective ownership to the products of labor as well.

For platformist anarcho-communist Wayne Price " Today ’ s proposals for Parecon, in which workers are rewarded for the intensity and duration of their labor in a cooperative economy, would fit into Bakunin ’ s or Marx ’ s concept of a transitory, beginning, phase, of a free society ... Kropotkin rejected the two-phase approach of the Marxists and the anarchist-collectivists.

During the 19th century, Karl Marx extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity ( practice, including labor ) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity ( see materialist conception of history ).

In the 1980s and early-to-mid 1990s, shareware was considered to be a concept for independent software writers to receive a degree of remuneration for their labor.

The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate the Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital.

In some way, the idea of " human capital " is similar to Karl Marx's concept of labor power: he thought in capitalism workers sold their labor power in order to receive income ( wages and salaries ).

Nonetheless, Marx and Marxists developed the concept of class struggle to comprehend the dialectical contradictions between mental and manual labor, and between town and country.

The Stargate franchise is based on this concept, where an alien race visited Earth and took on the mantle of ancient gods with the intent of capturing different groups of humans and sending them elsewhere to use as slave labor or corporal hosts.

Some authors have interpreted this " rate of exploitation " as a purely economic or commercial concept ( in the sense of " labor utilisation ", the use of a resource ) while others see it primarily as a moral or political concept referring to the domination of a social class which commands labour in virtue of ownership of capital assets.

Having experienced such a breakout into separate labor classifications at Boston transit, Ching opposed such a concept when he became director of industrial relations for the United States Rubber Company.

" While the IWW shared the concept of a mass-oriented labor movement — what the IWW would call One Big Union — with the Knights of Labor, the idea of workers having much in common with employers was discarded by the IWW, whose Preamble declares that " the working class and the employing class have nothing in common.

Recently he has also embarked on exploring the changing conditions of work in a world of increasing global capitalism, declining influence of unions, and flexibilisation of the labor process, a new theory rooted in the concept of cosmopolitanism.

They also fine-tuned the concept of Kaizen, a process of incremental but constant improvements designed to cut production and labor costs while boosting overall quality.

The concept contains aspects on the division of labor being relevant to the theory and practice around business processes.

Nowadays, " amorphous solid " is considered to be the overarching concept, and " glass " the more special case: A glass is an amorphous solid that transforms into a liquid upon heating through the glass transition.

The concept of function is defined as a special kind of binary relation.

These categories surely have some objects that are " special " in a certain way, such as the empty set or the product of two topologies, yet in the definition of a category, objects are considered to be atomic, i. e., we do not know whether an object A is a set, a topology, or any other abstract concept – hence, the challenge is to define special objects without referring to the internal structure of those objects.

Citizenship can be seen as a special elite status, and it can also be seen as a democratizing force and something that everybody has ; the concept can include both senses.

These coordinates are a very special example of a more general concept of local coordinates from the theory of differential forms.

A related concept to the " Director's Cut " is that of an extended or special edition.

In 1843 Kummer introduced the concept of ideal number, which was developed further by Dedekind ( 1876 ) into the modern theory of ideals, special subsets of rings.

The organizational development theorist Elliott Jacques identified a special role for hierarchy in his concept of requisite organization.

In the special edition of the game, the player can look at concept art that shows what happens to Beetle after his confrontation with Spider-Man.

The fact that how fast reactions occur can often be specified with just a few concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the positions and speeds of every molecule in a mixture, is a special case of another key concept in physical chemistry, which is that to the extent an engineer needs to know, everything going on in a mixture of millions of billions of billions of particles can often be described by just a few variables like pressure, temperature, and concentration.

Critics, however, question how one can have the concept of a form existing in a special realm of the universe, apart from space and time, since such a concept cannot come from sense-perception.

His concept of Minkowski space is the earliest treatment of space and time as two aspects of a unified whole, the essence of special relativity.

The Forester XTI concept vehicle uses the 2. 5 liter intercooled turbo engine from Subaru WRX STI, 6-speed manual transmission, 18 x 8-inch S204 forged alloy wheels with Yokohama Advan Neova 255 / 40R18 performance tires, adjustable coil-over suspension, Brembo brakes with 4-piston front calipers, 2-piston rear calipers, Super Sport ABS and Electronic Brake-force Distribution ( EBD ), leather and Alcantara sport seats, a special instrument cluster, front dash and center console and leather-wrapped steering wheel.

Among the theoretical concerns of these views is to explain away those special cases where it does appear that the concept of truth has peculiar and interesting properties.

In special relativity there is no concept of absolute present.

This 19th-century concept was then superseded by Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity.

The term is widely needed to support the more esoteric requirements of a number of disciplines including in philosophy when a concept is not available ; in biology when a genus is not available ; in law when a special and unique interpretation of a case or authority will be needed on-the-fly ; in town-planning where there is no existing use-case ; in intellectual property rights where there is no defining characteristic ; and in politics and societal norms where there is no real authority perceived.

This exactness concept has been axiomatized in the theory of exact categories, forming a very special case of regular categories.

The concept originates from Alexis de Tocqueville, who asserted that the then-50-year-old United States held a special place among nations because it was a country of immigrants and the first modern democracy.

This lineal succession of Sufi guides is the nearest approach within Islam to the concept of Christian ordination and apostolic succession, but the similarity is superficial and a murshid is not a priest but merely a teacher of Sufi philosophy ; they do not have any special or higher position than any other Muslim.

Freud developed his concept of the super-ego from an earlier combination of the ego ideal and the " special psychical agency which performs the task of seeing that narcissistic satisfaction from the ego ideal is ensured ... what we call our ' conscience '.

After becoming chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party in July 2002, Chen appeared to move further than Lee's special two-state theory and in early August 2002, by putting forward the " one country on each side " concept, he stated that Taiwan may " go on its own Taiwanese road " and that " it is clear that the two sides of the straits are separate countries.

* Abstract base class, a programming language concept

For the upper class of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, diplomatic immunity was an easy concept to understand.

Unlike D & D, however, the first two editions of Gamma World do not use a concept of character class, and increases in Rank do not affect the character's skills or combat abilities.

All concepts, except the top concept ( usually THING ), must have at least one super class.

The concept of " work ethic " is attached to the theodicy of fortune ; thus, because of the Protestant " work ethic ," there was a contribution of higher class outcomes and more education amongst Protestants.

In other set theories, such as New Foundations or the theory of semisets, the concept of " proper class " still makes sense ( not all classes are sets ) but the criterion of sethood is not closed under subsets.

In 1966 C. A. R. Hoare introduced the concept of record class construct, which Dahl and Nygaard extended with the concept of prefixing and other features to meet their requirements for a generalized process concept.

Dahl proposed to unify the type and the class concept.

It has been suggested that the concept of state capitalism can be traced back to Mikhail Bakunin's critique during the First International of the potential for state exploitation under Marxism, or to Jan Waclav Machajski's argument in The Intellectual Worker ( 1905 ) that socialism was a movement of the intelligentsia as a class, resulting in a new type of society he termed state capitalism.

** Terminator ( character concept ), a fictional class of autonomous robots in the series

The concept of “ privacy ” became a hallmark of the middle class life.

He thus constructed concepts such as the sacred and totemism exactly in the same way that Karl Marx developed the concept of class.

Minor changes in the standard ( 2000 and 2002 ) added the idea of protected types ( similar to the concept of class in C ++) and removed some restrictions from port mapping rules.

Mao departed from Leninism not only in his near-total disinterest in the urban working class but also in his concept of the nature and role of the Party.

Engels made an argument using anthropological evidence of the time to show that family structures changed over history, and that the concept of monogamous marriage came from the necessity within class society for men to control women to ensure their own children would inherit their property.

As part of the development of Lebesgue integration, Lebesgue invented the concept of measure, which extends the idea of length from intervals to a very large class of sets, called measurable sets ( so, more precisely, simple functions are functions that take a finite number of values, and each value is taken on a measurable set ).

The lack of progress made in defining creoles in terms of their morphology and syntax has led scholars such as Robert Chaudenson, Salikoko Mufwene and Henri Wittmann to question the value of creole as a typological class ; they argue that creoles are structurally no different from any other language, and that creole is a sociohistoric concept — not a linguistic one — encompassing displaced population and slavery.

Final Fantasy IX deviates from the style of customizable characters featured in the last two titles by reviving the character class concept, which designates a character to a certain role in battle.

Karl Marx described Capitalist society as infringing on individual autonomy, by basing it on a materialistic and commodified concept of the body and its liberty ( i. e. as something that is sold, rented or alienated in a class society ).

To Marx and anarchist thinkers like Bakunin and Kropotkin their concept of wage slavery was as a class condition in place due to the existence of private property and the state.

At the same time the church became more tolerant of war in the defense of faith, espousing theories of the just war ; and liturgies were introduced which blessed a knight's sword, and a bath of chivalric purification. The first noted support for chivalric vocation, or the establishment of knightly class to ensure the sanctity and legitimacy of Christianity was written in 930 by Odo, abbot of Cluny in the Vita of St. Gerald of Aurillac, which argued that the sanctity of Christ and Christian doctrine can be demonstrated through the legitimate unsheathing of the “ sword against the enemy .” In the 11th century the concept of a " knight of Christ " ( miles Christi ) gained currency in France, Spain and Italy.