In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to solving the central artificial intelligence problem — making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI.

Anyway some of these positions were not shared by many members of the party, most of whom staunchly opposed stem cell research and artificial insemination.

Sometimes these problems are eliminates, meaning certain artificial restrictions are imposed.

The concept encompasses a wide range of procedures ( and history ) for modifying living organisms according to human purposes — going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and " improvements " to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization.

Biomedical engineers who work hand in hand with doctors build these artificial body parts.

All of the heavy elements that are derived solely through artificial means are radioactive, with very short half-lives ; if any atoms of these elements were present at the formation of Earth, they are extremely likely to have already decayed, and if present in novae, have been in quantities too small to have been noted.

They used both natural pozzolans ( trass or pumice ) and artificial pozzolans ( ground brick or pottery ) in these concretes.

In the original Japanese version, these three ( along with the rest of Dr. Gero's artificial creations ) are referred to as jinzouningen, which is a blanket term in Japanese science fiction applying to robots and androids, as well as cyborgs.

Independently, these two trends show the form becoming highly artificial — more like a puzzle to solve than a medium for personal poetic expression.

The only group with significant knowledge of the Ancients are isolated robots and other artificial intelligences that survived the war — though these machines tend to be damaged, in ill-repair, or hostile to organic beings.

An artificial harbor has deliberately-constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or otherwise, they could have been constructed by dredging, and these require maintenance by further periodic dredging.

In these cases it is termed Thyrotoxicosis Factitia ( L, facticius: artificial or self-induced ); it is also known by other terms such as exogenous thyrotoxicosis, alimentary thyrotoxicosis or occult factitial thyrotoxicosis.

They argued that existing neural models had failed to produce intelligent behaviour because they were too small, and that in order to create " artificial brains " it was necessary to manually assemble tens of thousands of evolved neural modules together, with the billion neuron " CAM-Brain " requiring around 10 million modules ; this idea was rejected by Igor Aleksander, who said " The point is that these puzzles are not puzzles because our neural models are not large enough.

As evident by its name, I – O psychology has historically subsumed two broad areas of study that investigate the nature of the person ( individual-differences psychology ) and the nature of the situation or context ( social psychology ), although this distinction is artificial, as many topics in I-O psychology are informed by both of these general areas.

Due to the low reflectivity of polished metal, these mirrors also gave a darker image than modern ones, making them unsuitable for indoor use with the artificial lighting of the time ( candles or lanterns ).

Item-and-Process theories, on the other hand, often break down in cases like these, because they all too often assume that there will be two separate rules here, one for third person, and the other for plural, but the distinction between them turns out to be artificial.

In some of these systems, neural networks or parts of neural networks ( such as artificial neurons ) are used as components in larger systems that combine both adaptive and non-adaptive elements.

Neural network models in artificial intelligence are usually referred to as artificial neural networks ( ANNs ); these are essentially simple mathematical models defining a function or a distribution over or both and, but sometimes models are also intimately associated with a particular learning algorithm or learning rule.

Viewing these markings in artificial light at mains frequency produces a stroboscopic effect, which can be used to verify proper rotational speed.

Although very small, these artificial islands have had a negative impact on the mangrove habitats upon which they are built, often causing unpredicted environmental issues.

In fact these processes are so tightly tied together that such separation seems artificial.

Romulans are noted for their use of disruptor weapons, photon torpedoes, plasma torpedoes, and their signature cloaking technology, as well as having spaceships that are powered by artificial singularities ( due to the nature of these engines, once activated, there is no way to shut them down ).

It contains loan words from languages with which Hebrew had contact in post-exilic times, such as Persian, Greek, and Aramaic, and contains numerous items of vocabulary that are otherwise unknown in Biblical Hebrew but are known from Rabbinic Hebrew, and these expressions give the impression of being part of a living language and not the result of an archaic or artificial style.

If Russian pupils have to take these languages, how come American students have a choice whether or not to take a language, but have to face so many exceptions??

If adjectival meanings show relatively low retentiveness of stems, as I am confident will prove to be the case in most languages of the world, why should our basic lists include 15 per cent of these unstable forms, but only 8 per cent of animals and plants which replace much more slowly??

Among these languages, only Khmer, Vietnamese, and Mon have a long-established recorded history, and only Vietnamese and Khmer have official status ( in Vietnam and Cambodia, respectively ).

Strictly speaking, these national languages lack a word corresponding to the verb " to spell " ( meaning to split a word into its letters ), the closest match being a verb meaning to split a word into its syllables.

He learned the Polish language at home and the Russian language in schools ; and having a French governess and a German governess, he became fluent in these four languages as a child.

The prehistory of the peoples speaking these languages is largely unknown.

All of these methods remain to be applied to the languages attributed to Altaic with the same degree of focus and intensity they have been applied to the Indo-European family ( e. g. Mallory 1989, Anthony 2007 ).

Sign languages exhibit the use of polymorphemic constructions referred to as classifiers ( not all researchers term these constructions classifiers ).

Chinese languages treat these two phones differently ; for example in Mandarin, ( written b in Pinyin ) and ( written p ) contrast phonemically.

In regions such as Latin America where these languages are spoken, negro ( pronounced slightly differently than Negro in English ), is a normal word used without disparaging intent in relation to black people.

In these final pieces he offered a critique of Western science in which he suggested that non-European languages often referred to physical phenomena in ways that more directly reflected aspects of reality than many European languages, and that science ought to pay attention to the effects of linguistic categorization in its efforts to describe the physical world.

This is an important step in the recognition of Breton and other minority languages of France ; however, it doesn't explicitly give more actual recognition, rights or funds to these languages.

Many cover versions are in different languages rewritten to reference local units ; these include:

The Book of Common Prayer has also been translated into these North American indigenous languages: Cowitchan, Cree, Haida, Ntlakyapamuk, Slavey, Eskimo-Aleut, Dakota, Delaware, Mohawk, Ojibwe.

In these classification schemes Khmer's closest genetic relatives are the Bahnaric and Pearic languages.

The approximant is also widespread, and virtually all languages have one or more nasals, though a very few, such as the Central dialect of Rotokas, lack even these.

In all these areas, the Celtic languages are now only spoken by minorities though there are continuing efforts at revitalization.

For both these languages, however, revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and children and produced some native speakers.

The languages described by these grammars are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a linear bounded automaton ( a nondeterministic Turing machine whose tape is bounded by a constant times the length of the input.