By the autumn of 1559 several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand ; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her favourite was not welcome in England: " There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation ... she will marry none but the favoured Robert ".

By 1559, Nobunaga had eliminated all opposition within the clan and throughout Owari Province.

By the autumn of 1559 several foreign princes were vying for the Queen's hand ; their impatient envoys came under the impression that Elizabeth was fooling them, " keeping Lord Robert's enemies and the country engaged with words until this wicked deed of killing his wife is consummated.

By fall 1559, France had definitely leave Savoy, Piedmont ( except for the 5 locations agreed upon ), Tuscany and Corsica.

By the end of 1559, France was back in control of Scotland.

By the end of the wars in 1559, Habsburg Spain had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France.

By 1559 there were few monks remaining there, and the abbey was closed and most of the buildings looted and burned.

By 1555, the reforms proposed by Luther were no longer the only possibilities of religious expression: Anabaptists, such as the Frisian Menno Simons ( 1492 – 1559 ) and his followers, the followers of John Calvin, who were particularly strong in the southwest and the northwest, or those followers of Huldrych Zwingli, were excluded from considerations and protections under the Peace of Augsburg.

By Christian II of Denmark ( 1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559 ; married in 1514 )

By the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis between France and Spain, ( 1559 ) the duchy was restored to Emmanuel Philibert and he married his half-first cousin once removed Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry ( 1523 – 1574 ), daughter of King Francis I of France and sister to King Henry II.

By July 1559 the Lords of the Congregation had taken Edinburgh.

By 1559, however, Turgut was causing the Christian powers such distress, even raiding the coasts of Spain, that Philip II organized the largest naval expedition in fifty years to evict the corsair from Tripoli.

By the end of 1559 he had realised that it wasn't going to work — and it was not until then that Grafton stopped paying the rent for his printing house and Tottell acquired his supply of ex-Grafton initials.

By a charter of Hugh Montgomerie of Hesilliead 10 January 1560, following on a contract between the said Hugh and Robert, Lord Boyd and Helen Boyd, his daughter, dated at Glasgow 27 December 1559, she had the ten-merk land of Lyandcorse, in the parish of Neilstoun, Renfrewshire, and the twenty-pound lands of Williyard, in the parish of Beith, " in her pure, spotless, and inviolate virginity ", to hold all the days of her life.

The Gymnasium was founded in 1559 by Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria as a " Paedagogium ", but was renamed in 1849 after its probable sponsor, Duke Wilhelm V. By 1773, the Gymnasium was under Jesuit direction (" Jesuit Gymnasium ").

By 1225 this had become ' Anlavesargh ', in 1351 ' Anlasargh ', and by 1559 ' Anlazarghe '.

By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at Zwickau in Germany.

Zinc metal was also becoming more commonplace By 1513 metallic zinc ingots from India and China were arriving in London and pellets of zinc condensed in furnace flues at the Rammelsberg in Germany were exploited for cementation brass making from around 1550.

By the summer of 1944 the reversal of fortune was complete and Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces inflict crushing defeats on Germany through the aggressive use of armour, infantry and air power in combined strategic assault, known as deep operations.

By Dr. Patrick E McGovern, University of Pennsylvania archaeochemist and colleagues from China, Great Britain and Germany.

By contrast, the Fascist and Nazi regimes of Italy and Germany tended to confine their coercive activities to purely political aims, without any serious attempt to force the ideological conversion of their opponents.

By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes, thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.

By the twelfth century great churches in Germany, like those elsewhere were finding it difficult to hold out against the accumulation of lay custom and lay objections to temporary inheritance.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By 1994, only its operations in Germany and the United Kingdom were still profitable.

By mid-1947, as East-West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up his hopes for cooperation with the Soviets and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, and Allied invasion of Italy, and corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested by the order of King Victor Emmanuel III who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side.

By that time the military and strategic situation of Russia had become more difficult due of the rise of Germany and Japan, and Russian central administration and the idea of Pan-Slavism had grown in Saint Petersburg.

By the beginning of the Civil War, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence.

By 1850 the German states were catching up, and by 1900 Germany was a world leader in industrialization, along with Britain and the United States.

By contrast, East Germany renounced ties to the Nazi past, styling itself the " anti-fascist rampart " and proclaiming itself the first socialist state on German soil.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

By 1900 Germany was a world leader in industrialization, along with Britain and the United States.

By 1880, Germany had 9, 400 locomotives pulling 43, 000 passengers and 30, 000 tons of freight a day, and forged ahead of France.

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.

By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were closing from the East.

By 2010 there were about 4 million people of Turkish descent in Germany.

* By late 1923, the Weimar Republic of Germany was issuing two-trillion Mark banknotes and postage stamps with a face value of fifty billion Mark.

By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech Republic, hádzaná in Slovakia, gandbol in Ukraine, and torball in Germany.

By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, little centralized power remained in Germany.

By the time of Mesalim, whichever dynasty controlled the city of Kish was recognised as šar kiššati (= king of Kish ), and was considered preeminent in Sumer, possibly because this was where the two rivers approached, and whoever controlled Kish ultimately controlled the irrigation systems of the other cities downstream.

By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of Constantinople in their efforts to defend the city from the Latins and Venetians, who were restless and rioted when the money and aid promised by Alexios IV was not forthcoming.

By terms of the treaty, moreover, Alfred was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints — at least for the time being.

By 150 BC, Assyria was under the control of the Parthian Empire as Athura ( the Parthian word for Assyria ) where the Assyrian city of Ashur seems to have gained a degree of autonomy, and temples to the native gods of Assyria were resurrected.

By June 30, the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL.

By 1902, however, due to the Governor of ` Akka being supportive of ` Abdu ' l-Bahá, the situation was greatly eased ; while pilgrims were able to once again visit ` Abdu ' l-Bahá, he was confined to the city.

By 1700, approximately 20 percent of Berlin's residents were French, and their cultural influence on the city was immense.

By the 13th century, the city was an important port, with a mixed Basque and Gascon population.

By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace, and the city was given over to pillage for three days.

By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of China.

By December, the capital city of Nanjing had fallen to the Japanese, and Chiang moved the government inland, first to Wuhan and later to Chongqing.

By then Delft was one of the leading cities of Holland and it was equipped with the necessary city walls to serve as a headquarters.

By performance time that evening, the city was still in the grip of the storm.

By the end of October, Allen was again off New York, where the British, having secured the city, moved the prisoners on-shore, and, as he was considered an officer, gave Allen limited parole.

By 1967 the ELF had gained considerable support among peasants, particularly in Eritrea's north and west, and around the port city of Massawa.

By the late evening of 12 April most of the major southern parts and all the western area of the city had been occupied by the Germans, who cleared the city house by house, street by street.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By July 1665, plague was in the city of London itself.

By late autumn, the death toll began to slow until, in February 1666, it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to return to the city.

* By car the city is accessible by two of the country's main roads:

By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East.

By the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city elite, who tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk – to the point that an abortive revolution took place in 1782.