Upper Silesia was soon conquered by the newly installed dukes of the Polans and for several hundred years was part of Poland.

When Hanover was annexed by Prussia ( 1866 ), the dukes were deposed soon after ( 1875 ).

She was soon the most fashionable portrait painter of her generation among the haute bourgeoisie and aristocracy, painting duchesses and grand dukes and socialites.

In the 10th century Pomerania was conquered by the Polish dukes Mieszko I and Bolesław the Brave, who established a bishopric in the nearby Kołobrzeg in 1000, but the area was soon lost to Poland and Christianity.

This was one of Mieszko's and his son Boleslaw I's numerous battles, that they took up in their conquests and conquest attempts in several neighboring countries, soon after they received positions as dukes.

He soon moved to the Peloponnisos, with his Athenian family who had migrated after its persecution by the Florentine dukes.

With the Carolingians, the appointments ( of both counts and duces, dukes ) become more regular and better-known, though the office soon fell out of the orbit of the royal court and became hereditary.

After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.

His death began an interregnum of years, the " Rule of the Dukes ", during which the dukes did not elect any king, and which is regarded as a period of violence and disorder.

The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of Berchtold V in 1218, and their cities subsequently became reichsfrei ( essentially a city-state within the Holy Roman Empire ), while the dukes of Kyburg competed with the house of Habsburg over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory.

After the death of Henry II ( 3 July 1024 ), Stephen broke with the German alliance, because the new Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II claimed supremacy over the Kingdom of Hungary, while Stephen demanded the Duchy of Bavaria for his son Emeric who was the nearest relative of the deceased Emperor Henry II ( who himself had been the last male descendant of the old dukes of Bavaria ).

The childless dukes Louis and Otto had already promised Charles IV the succession in Brandenburg in 1364 as revenge for a conflict with their brother Stephen II over the Bavarian succession after the death of their nephew Meinhard, the son of Louis V. Louis the Roman died in Berlin in 1365.

* War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan ( Jin Wudi ) a civil war breaks out among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty.

With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct ; the region fell successively to the Babenberg family, rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the Georgenberg Pact ; after their extinction to the control of Hungary ( 1254 – 60 ); to King Ottokar of Bohemia ; in 1276 to the Habsburgs, who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564-1619.

The leaders of the Catholic party, they wanted to avenge the death of the two dukes ' father Francis, Duke of Guise, whose assassination ten years earlier they believed to have been ordered by Coligny.

In 911 the East Frankish Carolingian dynasty became extinct with the death of King Louis the Child, whereafter the dukes of Saxony, Swabia and Bavaria met at Forchheim to elect the Conradine duke Conrad I of Franconia king.

These dukes, usually Italianate Normans, ruled Gaeta with some level of independence until the death of Richard of Caleno in 1140.

After the Medici pope Leo X's brief attempt to establish a young Medici as duke, thwarted by the early death of Lorenzo II de ' Medici in 1519, Urbino was ruled by the dynasty of Della Rovere dukes ( see also War of Urbino ).

During the period 13631477, the duchy was ruled by a succession of dukes whose extinction with the death of Charles the Bold ( or " the Brash ") in 1477 led to its absorption into the French crown by King Louis XI, while the Low Countries fell under Habsburg control, passing with the abdication of King Charles I of Spain ( Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor ) to the Spanish Empire of Philip II of Spain.

After the Kalmar Union period, just before his death in 1560, King Gustav I continued the tradition by making his sons John, Magnus and Carl powerful dukes, together ruling much more of the kingdom than their older half-brother Eric, who had a less significant duchy in the southeast.

A series of wars and clashes between the Adipati ( dukes ) followed the death of the last Sultan of Demak Bintoro, the first Islamic kingdom in Java.

Employed at Versailles on portraits of the dukes of Angoulême and Berry, he was given a commission by the queen, which opens the long list of those he received from successive French rulers until his death in 1855.

The conquest resulted in a high death toll and devastation of vast areas of Pomerania, and the Pomeranian dukes became vassals of Boleslaw III of Poland.

With the death of Charles the Bold, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy died out.

Then in 1719 he married, and the next year took up an appointment in Gotha, where he worked until his death for the dukes Frederick II and Frederick III of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, composing a cantata each week.

Her mother having been one of the sisters of the last dukes of the main branch of Bourbon, after the death of Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon, in 1521, Louise, on basis of proximity of blood, advanced claims to the Duchy of Auvergne and other possessions of the Bourbons.

A decade of interregnum after the death of Alboin's successor ( 574 ), however, left the Lombard dukes ( especially the southern ones ) well settled in their new territories and quite independent of the Lombard kings at Pavia.

Both margraves were recognised as dukes after Bruno's death.

A fair share ( but not most ) of these territories were inherited by the Burgundian dukes, a younger branch of the French royal House of Valois in 1384, upon the death of Count Louis II of Flanders.

All of the grand dukes faced death with the greatest courage.

He wrote also Bellum scodrense ( 1474 ), an account of the siege of Shkodra ( 1474 ) ( Scutari ) by the Turks, and Antiquitates vicecomitum, The history of the Visconti, dukes of Milan, down to the death of Matteo the Great ( 1322 ).

At the court of Hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other: the Magyar party under the leadership of Zápolyas and the German party under the leadership of George of Brandenburg, whose authority was increased by the acquisition of the duchies of Ratibor and Oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of Oderberg, Beuthen, and Tarnowitz as pledges from the king of Bohemia, who could not redeem his debts.

The 1232 document marked the first time that the German dukes were called domini terræ, owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well.

* Doges were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility, but " reigned " as sovereign dukes.

Instead of seeking to administer the empire through counts, as Charlemagne had done and as his successors had attempted, Henry allowed the dukes of Franconia, Swabia and Bavaria to maintain complete internal control of their holdings.

(, ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen ), Germany and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( later described as the Elector of Hanover ).

* Two dukes, both military officers, were nicknamed the " Iron Duke " during their lifetimes:

In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.

As the power of Lithuanian warlord dukes expanded to the south and east, the cultivated East Slavic Ruthenians moved in the opposite direction within their new statehood and exerted influence on the Lithuanian ruling class.

Coat of arms of the Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of LuxembourgIn these centuries the electors of Brandenburg, later kings of Prussia ( Borussia ), advanced their claim to the Luxembourg patrimony as heirs-general to William of Thuringia and his wife Anna of Bohemia, the disputed dukes of Luxembourg of the 1460s – Anna was the eldest daughter of the last Luxembourg heiress.

The dukes yielded half their estates for the maintenance of the king and his court in Pavia.

Aside from the richest and most powerful of the dukes and the king himself, Lombard noblemen tended to live in cities ( unlike their Frankish counterparts ) and hold little more than twice as much in land as the merchant class ( a far cry from the provincial Frankish aristocrat who held a vast swathe of land hundreds of times larger than the nearest man beneath him ).

The princes ( dukes ) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had according to this source their own standard, showing the griffin of Rostock.

Mindaugas, despite his youth, as well as his brother Dausprungas are listed among the elder dukes, implying that they had inherited their titles.

Next, he attempted to turn the Lombard king and dukes against the pope, but they retained their ambivalent stance, not committing one way or the other.

The early Salians owed much of their success to their alliance with the Church, a policy begun by Otto I, which gave them the material support they needed to subdue rebellious dukes.

For example, the Obotrites evolved from the unification of the Holstein and Western Mecklenburg tribes led by mighty dukes known for their raids into German Saxony.

In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes.

* February 10 – Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the Great Privilege, by which the Flemish cities recover all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the arbitrary decrees of the dukes of Burgundy, in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.

On their return, the Hungarian dukes Lél, Bulcsú and Sur, who were not Árpáds, were executed.

Reigning bearers of forms of Highness included grand princes, grand dukes, sovereign princes, reigning dukes and princely counts, their families and the agnatic descendants of emperors and kings.