In the United States and Canada, the term Conservative, as applied, does not always indicate that a congregation is affliliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, the movement's central institution and the one to which the term, without qualifier, usually refers.

However, the Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism has a different sociological approach to this issue than does Orthodoxy, although agreeing religiously.

Under this approach, anti-Judaism is not regarded as antisemitism as it only rejects the religious ideas of Judaism and does not involve actual hostility to the Jewish people.

" For many reasons, some historical and some religious, Judaism does not encourage its members to convert others and in fact would require the initiative from the person who would like to convert.

Judaism does not accept the retronymic labeling of its sacred texts as the " Old Testament ", and some Jews refer to the New Testament as the Christian Testament or Christian Bible.

Therefore, just as Christianity does not accept that Mosaic Law has any authority over Christians, Judaism does not accept that the New Testament has any religious authority over Jews.

Judaism does not see human beings as inherently flawed or sinful and needful of being saved from it, but rather capable with a free will of being righteous, and unlike Christianity does not closely associate ideas of " salvation " with a New Covenant delivered by a Jewish messiah, although in Judaism Jewish people will have a renewed national commitment of observing God's commandments under the New Covenant, and the Jewish Messiah will also be ruling at a time of global peace and acceptance of God by all people.

Judaism also does not have a notion of hell as a place ruled by Satan since God's dominion is total and Satan is only one of God's angels.

Judaism does not believe that God requires the sacrifice of any human.

Judaism does not believe in the Christian concept of hell but does have a punishment stage in the afterlife ( i. e. Gehenna, the New Testament word translated as hell ) as well as a Heaven ( Gan Eden ), but the religion does not intend it as a focus.

Judaism requires circumcision for boys, but does not allow it for girls.

Judaism classically draws no distinction in its laws between religious and ostensibly non-religious life ; Jewish religious tradition does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities.

Moreover, as a non-creedal religion, some have argued that Judaism does not require one to believe in God.

Consequently, in his view, Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories, such as religion, ethnicity, or culture.

* Reconstructionist Judaism, like Reform Judaism, does not hold that Jewish law, as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow.

Rabbinic Judaism does not believe that the preceding verses refer to what is nowadays described as a homosexual inclination, nor do these verses refer to lesbian sexual activity.

His opposition to Judaism was typical of church leaders in his day, but does not descend to the level of anti-semitism.

Judaism does not encourage the monastic ideal of celibacy and poverty.

Judaism views God as being radically different from humans, so Heschel explores the ways that Judaism teaches that a person may have an encounter with the ineffable.

The Branch Davidians have many theological beliefs in common with Messianic Judaism

Because of this potential for confusion, a number of Conservative Rabbis have proposed renaming the movement, and outside of the United States and Canada, in many countries including Israel and the UK, it is today known as Masorti Judaism ( Hebrew for " Traditional ").

He called his approach towards Judaism " Positive-Historical ," which meant that one should have a positive attitude towards accepting Jewish law and tradition as normative, yet one should be open to developing the law in the same fashion that it has always historically developed.

Mordecai Kaplan's religious naturalism ( Reconstructionist Judaism ) used to have an influential place in the movement, but since Reconstructionism developed as an independent movement, this influence has waned.

Papers from a recent Rabbinical Assembly conference on theology were printed in a special issue of the journal Conservative Judaism ( Winter 1999 ); the editors note that Kaplan's naturalism seems to have dropped from the movement's radar screen.

Conservative Jews believe that movements to its left, such as Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, have erred by rejecting the traditional authority of Jewish law and tradition.

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

Thus, Conservative Judaism rejects patrilineal descent and would hold that a child of a non-Jewish mother who was raised as a Reform or Reconstructionist Jew is not legally Jewish and would have to undergo conversion to become a Jew.

Judaism faced some severe restrictions under Constantius, who seems to have followed an anti-Jewish policy in line with that of his father.

A later edict issued by Constantius after becoming sole emperor decreed that a person who was proven to have converted from Christianity to Judaism would have their entire property confiscated by the state.

* A person who is proven to have converted from Christianity to Judaism shall have their property confiscated by the state.

The three largest Jewish denominations — Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism — maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose.

Thus, as an ethnic religion, Judaism holds that others may have their own, different, paths to God ( or holiness, or " salvation "), as long as they are consistent with the Seven Laws of Noah.

Both Christianity and Judaism have been affected by the diverse cultures of their respective members.

In Judaism all human beings are believed to have free will and can choose the path in life that they will take.

To promote inclusion of LGBT members and clergy, the Reform movement established the Institute for Judaism and Sexual Orientation at Hebrew Union College.

Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense.

Similarly, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College of Reconstructionist Judaism, founded in Pennsylvania in 1968, functions to train its future clergy.

The Christian Scholars Group on Christian-Jewish Relations is a group of 22 Christian scholars, theologians, historians and clergy from six Christian Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church, which works to " develop more adequate Christian theologies of the church's relationship to Judaism and the Jewish people.

Unlike other streams of Judaism, Humanistic Judaism does not condemn or discourage intermarriage, and its clergy are happy to officiate at weddings between Jews and non-Jews.

Their nickname arbitrarily presupposed their adherence to " Judaism ", even though most of Skhariya's followers had been ordinary Russians of Russian Orthodox faith and low-ranking Orthodox clergy and had never confessed Judaism.

For the purposes of this article, the terms " Karaylar " for clergy is used interchangeably with " Karaims " in reference to the communities in diaspora as a whole, while " Karaite Jews " refers only to the general Karaite branch of Judaism.

The Council was aware that prior efforts had been frustrated by lack of compliance among authorities on the local level: therefore, anyone — including nobles and clergy — found to have aided Jews in the practice of Judaism were to be punished by seizure of one quarter of their property and excommunication ( Katz, p. 16 ).