The results of the study, based on collision integrals computed from the latest critically evaluated data on intermolecular forces in air, will be reported in the form of a table of viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion, and diffusion coefficients at temperatures of 1,000 to 10,000 Af and of logarithm of pressure in atmospheres from Af to Af times normal density.

If Af is the change per unit volume in Gibbs function caused by the shear field at constant P and T, and **yr is the density of the fluid, then the total potential energy of the system above the reference height is Af.

) And without high density in the core, rapid-transit systems cannot be maintained economically, let alone built from scratch at today's prices.

# If adiabats and isotherms are graphed severally at regular changes of entropy and temperature, respectively ( like altitude on a contour map ), then as the eye moves towards the axes ( towards the south-west ), it sees the density of isotherms stay constant, but it sees the density of adiabats grow.

Much of the ACC transport is carried in this front, which is defined as the latitude at which a subsurface salinity minimum or a thick layer of unstratified Subantarctic Mode Water first appears, allowed by temperature dominating density stratification.

The population has remained at a low density for more than 90 years, with additional reductions during the last decade.

The reaction works because the high electron density at the double bond causes a temporary shift of electrons in the Br-Br bond causing a temporary induced dipole.

To derive the equations of aerodynamics, fluid properties such as density and velocity are assumed to be well-defined at infinitely small points, and to vary continuously from one point to another.

Furthermore, that maximum 5 % density change occurs at the stagnation point of an object immersed in the gas flow and the density changes around the rest of the object will be significantly lower.

There were 2, 704 housing units at an average density of 997. 2 per square mile ( 385. 2 / km² ).

There were 142 housing units at an average density of 109. 0 per square mile ( 42. 2 / km² ).

A key feature of the evaporation or field ion images is that the data density is highly inhomogeneous, due to the corrugation of the specimen surface at the atomic scale.

The combination of this modulus and a relatively low density results in an unusually fast sound conduction speed in beryllium – about 12. 9 km / s at ambient conditions.

general: the system is expanding with the growth of mobile-cellular service and participation in regional development ; system is fully digital with fiber-optic cables linking the major population centers in the east ; fixed-line connections declined in recent years and now stand at roughly 8 per 100 persons ; mobile-cellular telephone density currently is about 80 per 100 persons

The Boltzmann distribution applies only to particles at a high enough temperature and low enough density that quantum effects can be ignored, and the particles are obeying Maxwell – Boltzmann statistics.

In the classical limit, i. e. at large values of or at small density of states — when wave functions of particles practically do not overlap — both the Bose – Einstein or Fermi – Dirac distribution become the Boltzmann distribution.

Extrapolation of the expansion of the Universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past.

In an " extended model " which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then if the " physical baryon density " Ω < sub > b </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is estimated at about 0. 023 ( this is different from the ' baryon density ' Ω < sub > b </ sub > expressed as a fraction of the total matter / energy density, which as noted above is about 0. 046 ), and the corresponding cold dark matter density Ω < sub > c </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is about 0. 11, the corresponding neutrino density Ω < sub > v </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is estimated to be less than 0. 0062.

The outside surface of the solid units shall be of an exterior grade of panel board such as plywood, plastic coated panel board, high density particle board, asbestos-cement board, or any other product locally obtainable upon recommendation of your building supply dealer.

By varying the formula, this curve may be moved forward or backward along the coordinates to produce any desired compression strength / density ratio.

This is because such flows can produce a net southward flow in the troughs and a net northward flow over the ridges without requiring any transformation of density.

Furthermore, it describes how the density of states is changed on entering the superconducting state, where there are no electronic states any more at the Fermi energy.

Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water ; any wreckage consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream.

Mail armour provided an effective defence against slashing blows by an edged weapon and penetration by thrusting and piercing weapons ; in fact a study conducted at the Royal Armouries at Leeds concluded that " it is almost impossible to penetrate using any conventional medieval weapon " Generally speaking, mail's resistance to weapons is determined by four factors: linkage type ( riveted, butted, or welded ), material used ( iron versus bronze or steel ), weave density ( a tighter weave needs a thinner weapon to surpass ), and ring thickness ( generally ranging from 18 to 14 gauge in most examples ).

The divergence can be defined on any manifold of dimension n with a volume form ( or density ) e. g. a Riemannian or Lorentzian manifold.

If the average density ( including any air below the waterline ) of an object is less than water it will float in water and if it is more than water's it will sink in water.

In that case the density around any given location is determined by calculating the density of a small volume around that location.

As with any gas with differing density from air, inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice.

With over 120 mobile phone masts spread across its area, the island has a phone mast density almost 5 times that of the United Kingdom as a whole but similar to any urban area.

Although any fluid can be used, mercury is preferred for its high density ( 13. 534 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >) and low vapour pressure.

* Excess alcohol: Although small amounts of alcohol are probably beneficial ( bone density increases with increasing alcohol intake ), chronic heavy drinking ( alcohol intake greater than three units / day ) probably increases fracture risk despite any beneficial effects on bone density.

They both postulated that if the stars in the universe were distributed in a hierarchical fractal cosmology ( e. g., similar to Cantor dust )— the average density of any region diminishes as the region considered increases — it would not be necessary to rely on the Big Bang theory to explain Olbers ' paradox.

Tracing around an n-gon in general, the sum of the exterior angles ( the total amount one rotates at the vertices ) can be any integer multiple d of 360 °, e. g. 720 ° for a pentagram and 0 ° for an angular " eight ", where d is the density or starriness of the polygon.

If they had any significant level of non-organic parts then something as simple as an x-ray scan would show them not to be human ( unless their creators designed the non-organic parts to have almost exactly the same structure and density as the organic components they were replacing, which would be both infeasible and highly improbable but not completely out of the question ).

A consequence of the Jacobson density theorem is Wedderburn's theorem ; namely that any right artinian simple ring is isomorphic to a full matrix ring of n by n matrices over a division ring for some n. This can also be established as a corollary of the Artin – Wedderburn theorem.

In free space the Laplace equation of any electrostatic potential must equal zero since ( charge density ) is zero in free space.

The advantage to this class of rocket is that a large fraction of the rest mass of a matter / antimatter mixture may be converted to energy, allowing antimatter rockets to have a far higher energy density and specific impulse than any other proposed class of rocket.

Heliox's low density produces a lower Reynolds number and hence higher probability of laminar flow for any given airway.

Used in all levels of the European E-carrier system, the high density bipolar of order 3 ( HDB3 ) code replaces any instance of 4 consecutive 0 bits with one of the patterns "< tt > 000V </ tt >" or "< tt > B00V </ tt >".

Assuming that it is possible to distinguish an observation corresponding to one of the discrete probability masses from one which corresponds to the density component, the likelihood function for an observation from the continuous component can be dealt with as above by setting the interval length short enough to exclude any of the discrete masses.

Its density of 14. 78 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup > lies between those of curium ( 13. 52 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >) and californium ( 15. 1 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >), as does its melting point of 986 ° C, below that of curium ( 1340 ° C ) but higher than that of californium ( 900 ° C ).

He showed that if ρ ( x, t ) is the density of Brownian particles at point x at time t, then ρ satisfies the diffusion equation:

To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example: " Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, the density must have been less than 0. 1 person per square kilometer ".

Lists of the elements are available by name, by symbol, by atomic number, by density, by melting point, and by boiling point as well as ionization energies of the elements.

Said more simply, areas with a higher density and repetition of atom order tend to reflect more light toward one point in space when compared to those areas with fewer atoms and less repetition.

More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around a given point.

In the limit of an infinitesimal volume the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes:, where is an elementary volume at position.

For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0 ° C and 4 ° C ; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures.

Europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides.

Consequently, properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and velocity are taken to be well-defined at infinitesimally small points, and are assumed to vary continuously from one point to another.

High-energy electron-scattering experiments show its charge to decrease exponentially from a maximum at a central point, exactly as does the charge density of helium's own electron cloud.

Helium-3 has less than one-half of the density when it is at its boiling point: 5. 9 gram per liter compared to the 12. 5 gram perliter of helium-4 -- at a pressure of one atmosphere.

Liquid nitrogen, a fluid resembling water in appearance, but with 80. 8 % of the density ( the density of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point is 0. 808 g / mL ), is a common cryogen.

Paraffin wax ( or simply " paraffin ", but see alternative name for kerosene, above ) is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about, and having a density of around 0. 9 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >.

Investigations of the material properties showed a substantially lower freezing point of − 40 ° C or less, a boiling point of 150 ° C or greater, a density of approx.

Or, from a purely macroscopic point of view, blue sky comes from microscopic density fluctuations, resulting from the random motion of molecules composing the air.

Tantalum greatly increases the armor penetration capabilities of a shaped charge due to its high density and high melting point.

It freezes at a lower temperature ( about − 1. 9 ° C ) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing.