The basic notions of Mackinder's doctrine involve considering the geography of the Earth as being divided into two sections, the World Island or Core, comprising Eurasia and Africa ; the Peripheral " islands ", including the Americas, Australia, Japan, the British Isles, and Oceania.

Mackinder's notion of geopolitics can be summed up in his saying " Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland.

Spykman's conception of the Rimland bears greater resemblance to Alfred Thayer Mahan's " debated and debatable zone " than to Mackinder's inner or marginal crescent.

Spykman's conception of the Rimland bears greater resemblance to Alfred Thayer Mahan's " debated and debatable zone " than to Mackinder's inner or marginal crescent.

Experts on geopolitical strategy note that Halford Mackinder's theories in " The Geographical Pivot of History " about the " Heartland " and world resource control are still as valid today as when they were formulated.

* the Rimland ( analogous to Mackinder's " inner or marginal crescent " also an intermediate region, lying between the Heartland and the marginal sea powers ); and

Spykman adopts Mackinder's divisions of the world, renaming some:

Spykman adopts Mackinder's divisions of the world, renaming some:

Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the " pivot area " established in the Theory of the Heartland.

Spykman modified Mackinder's formula on relationship between the Heartand and the Rimland ( or the inner crescent ), he claimed, that " Who controls the rimland rules Eurasia.

* Halford Mackinder's Necessary War, an essay describing the Altmark incident as part of a cunning plan to embroil Russia in war with Germany.

At the same time, because he gives credit to the strategic importance of maritime space and coastal regions, Spykman's analysis of the heartland is markedly different from Mackinder's.

Building upon Halford J. Mackinder's divisions of Earth's geography into strategic regions, astrostrategists divide space into distinct areas with unique strategic characteristics.

Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town.

This Apostasy involved the corruption of the pure, original Christian doctrine with Greek and other philosophies, and followers dividing into different ideological groups.

While a court did affirm that various Nigerian government officials ( including a governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria ) were directly or indirectly involved and that Nigerian government officials could be sued in U. S. courts under the " commercial activity " exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, he was unable to get his money back due to the doctrine of unclean hands because he had knowingly entered into a contract that was illegal.

Others were actively involved in the promotion of the Church's Social doctrine, an official Catholic answer to socio-economic distress that was meant to prevent the appeal of socialism and improve capitalism.

This is not to say that Merton believed that these religions did not have valuable rituals or practices for him and other Christians, but that, doctrinally, Merton was so committed to Christianity and he felt that practitioners of other faiths were so committed to their own doctrines that any discussion of doctrine would be useless for all involved.

Like all Islamic Peripatetics, Ibn Rushd admits the hypothesis of the intelligence of the spheres and the hypothesis of universal emanation, through which motion is communicated from place to place to all parts of the universe as far as the supreme world — hypotheses which, in the mind of the Arabic philosophers, did away with the dualism involved in Aristotle's doctrine of pure energy and eternal matter.

Like all Islamic Peripatetics, Ibn Rushd admits the hypothesis of the intelligence of the spheres and the hypothesis of universal emanation, through which motion is communicated from place to place to all parts of the universe as far as the supreme world — hypotheses which, in the mind of the Arabic philosophers, did away with the dualism involved in Aristotle's doctrine of pure energy and eternal matter.

Hit-and-run tactics is a tactical doctrine where the purpose of the combat involved is not to seize control of territory, but to inflict damage on a target and immediately exit the area to avoid the enemy's defense and / or retaliation.

The consistory court can only become involved in the case of a priest or deacon who is accused of an offence ( not involving matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremonial ) after the bishop has given the complainant and the accused an opportunity of seeing him.

In the case of D ' Emden v Pedder ( 1904 ), which involved the application of Tasmanian stamp duty to a federal official's salary, the court adopted the doctrine of implied immunity of instrumentalities which had been established in the United States Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1803 ).

Its original purpose was home defence although the establishment of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967 involved a restructuring and revised doctrine leading to provision of routine support for the regular army overseas.

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin became directly involved in religious affairs when he was appointed President of the Islamic Council of Perlis by the late Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra, the then ruler of Perlis, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is especially concerned that the religious affairs of the state are based on the ‘ Ahlis Sunnah Waljamaah ’ doctrine.

In law, the doctrine of chances is a rule of evidence that allows evidence to show that it is unlikely a defendant would be repeatedly, innocently involved in similar, suspicious circumstances.

Christian groups have been involved in the promotion of creationism in South Korea, specifically the Korea Association for Creation Research ( KACR ), which advocates creation following the Book of Genesis, and the Society for Textbook Revise ( STR ), alternative translation Committee to Revise Evolution In Textbook ( CREIT ), an independent offshoot of the KACR, which has distanced itself from KACR doctrine.

The origin of this figure, said to be the offspring of Satan and a virgin, or Satan and a statue ( or " stone "), is as much involved in doubt as the different phases of his development, and his relation to the Christian legend and doctrine.

The issues involved conflicts over doctrine, religious practice, and slavery.

In 1690 and 1693 he published works on the doctrine of the Trinity which helped rather than injured the Socinian cause, and involved him in a controversy with Robert South and others.

Several statutory and judge-made exceptions to the doctrine exist, especially if unlawful discrimination is involved regarding the termination of an employee.

Once the danger of invasion was over, the corps was heavily involved in training and developing tactical doctrine.

In Hasidism, the doctrine of " Practical Tzadikism ", developed by Elimelech of Lizhensk, involved the Tzadik performing miracles to channel the Ayin-Yesh Divine blessing.

At the time of the game, the company was headed by President Shinra, who followed a rigid doctrine which involved using Shinra's vast reserves of money to maintain control over the world's populace, a " Bread and Circuses " theory of control ; by providing the people with food and entertainment, they remain reasonably happy.

Still, the very act of resistance to the French involved a certain degree of deviation from the doctrine of royal sovereignty: if sovereignty resided entirely in the monarch, then Charles and Ferdinand's abdications in favor of Napoleon would have made Joseph Bonaparte the legitimate ruler of Spain.

The Catholic Encyclopedia notes: " As the acceptance of Christianity involved belief in a body of doctrine and the observance of the Divine law (" teach, make disciples, scholars of them "; " teaching them to observe all things whatever I have commanded you ", Matthew 28: 20 ( see Great Commission ), it is clear that some sort of preliminary instruction must have been given to the converts.

The most striking application ( and extension ) of this " incompatibility " doctrine, however, has involved the Supreme Court of the State of New South Wales.

These concepts would guide Red Army doctrine throughout World War II.

Most Protestants also consider the concepts of the Trinity and Incarnation as defined at Nicaea ( in 325 ) and Chalcedon to be orthodox doctrine to which they adhere.

Indeed, his famous discussion of the subject is merely a restatement of Arnauld's doctrine that in the proposition " God is omnipotent ", the verb " is " signifies the joining or separating of two concepts such as " God " and " omnipotence ".

German doctrine fell between the two concepts.

Also, all versions of predestination incorporate into the doctrine various concepts of human responsibility, which differ from one another in terms of the kind of volitional freedom possible for the creature.

Plato's doctrine of recollection, however, addresses such criticism by saying that souls are born with the concepts of the forms, and just have to be reminded of those concepts from back before birth, when the souls were in close contact with the forms in the Platonic heaven.

They embraced evolutionary concepts, asserted the " inherent goodness of man ", and abandoned the doctrine of biblical infallibility, rejecting most of the miraculous events in the Bible ( including the virgin birth ).

Thus, in the long-standing debate on whether free will is compatible with the doctrine of determinism, several philosophers have proposed analyses of the relevant concepts to argue for either compatibilism or incompatibilism.

The Joint Vision 2020 concepts have subsequently formed the basis of United States military doctrine.

Development of military doctrine is perhaps the more important of all capability development activities because it determines how military forces were, and are used in conflicts, the concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately military skilled, armed and equipped personnel in achievement of the tangible goals and objectives of the war, campaign, battle, engagement, action or a duel.

Militarist ideology is the society's social attitude of being best served, or being a beneficiary of a government, or guided by concepts embodied in the military culture, doctrine, system, or leaders.

A U. S. Air Force Air University staff study in 1948 defined military doctrine functionally as “ those concepts, principles, policies, tactics, techniques, practices, and procedures which are essential to efficiency in organizing, training, equipping, and employing its tactical and service units .”

Orthodox theology rejects Augustine's doctrine of Original Sin and actively opposes any implementation or implication of John Calvin's concepts of total depravity or irresistible grace and of Thomist or scholastic philosophical theology, viewing philosophy and discursive theology as corruptions of the true theology of the Cappadocian and early Desert Fathers which lead the Western Church astray into heresy.

: Provides support to the Joint Operator and Services by facilitating the development and integration of common unmanned aircraft system operating standards, capabilities, concepts, technologies, doctrine, tactics, techniques, procedures and training.

Over the years, it has developed, refined, coordinated, validated and tested fighter concepts, doctrine, tactics, and procedures.

Some concepts from Spanish law, such as the prior appropriation doctrine and community property, still persist in some U. S. states, particularly those that were part of the Mexican Cession in 1848.

At the end of the section Saadia refutes certain objections to the Jewish doctrine of Creation, especially those that proceed from the concepts of time and space.

Related concepts as dependent arising ( pratītyasamutpāda ) and the doctrine of two truths are also central in Yogācāra thought and meditation.

The doctrine of the divine right of kings came to dominate mediæval concepts of kingship, claiming biblical authority ( Epistle to the Romans, chapter 13 ).

Later thinkers such as Hegel used the word ' critique ' in a broader way than Kant's sense of the word, to mean the systematic inquiry into the limits of a doctrine or set of concepts.

According to the esoteric doctrine of the Three Wheels, whereas Buddhas represent pure concepts and bodhisattvas teach through compassion, Wisdom Kings are the embodiment of the wheel of injunction and teach through fear, shocking nonbelievers into faith.

Res judicata or res iudicata ( RJ ), also known as claim preclusion, is the Latin term for " a matter judged ", and may refer to two concepts: in both civil law and common law legal systems, a case in which there has been a final judgment and is no longer subject to appeal ; and the legal doctrine meant to bar ( or preclude ) continued litigation of such cases between the same parties, which is different between the two legal systems.

She was directly responsible to the U. S. Strategic Command Commander for the development and implementation of national security policy and guidance ; military strategy and guidance ; space and weapons employment concepts and policy ; and joint doctrine as they apply to the command and the execution of its missions.