Its security is connected to the ( presumed ) extreme difficulty of factoring large integers, a problem for which there is no known efficient ( i. e. practicably fast ) general technique.

Some encryption schemes can be proven secure on the basis of the presumed difficulty of a mathematical problem, such as factoring the product of two large primes or computing discrete logarithms.

RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography that is based on the presumed difficulty of factoring large integers, the factoring problem.

To counter this presumed difficulty, the delegates gave each presidential elector two votes, required at least one of those votes be for a candidate from outside the elector's state, and mandated that the winner of the election obtain an absolute majority with respect to the total number of electors.

This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly " re-appears " ( typically in the fossil record ) after a period of apparent absence.

Depending on the presumed difficulty in guessing the activity, the panel could be given anywhere from three to ten " chimes " ( guessing turns ) between them, which would be revealed in advance.

It relies on the presumed difficulty of factoring certain polynomials in such rings into a quotient of two polynomials having very small coefficients.

The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are contiguous in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort.

* The problem of autonomy-Since the artist creates the system, and to date all such systems are presumed to be unconscious, can the system be thought of as being autonomous in the same way a human artist is?

The CVR recorded the cockpit door opening and a female, presumed to be a flight attendant, told the cockpit crew " We have a problem.

After a first successful production run of tritium in Pile 1, the heat problem was presumed to be negligible and full-scale production began, but by raising the temperature of the reactor beyond the design specifications, the scientists had altered the normal distribution of heat in the core, causing " hot spots " to develop in Pile 1.

In Vollenhoven, these questions were often reduced to the label of " synthetist thought ", the presumed synthesis of a pure Christian ideational system, problem by problem, with the contaminants of a purely antithetical pagan, atheist, or humanist position.

It is presumed that this negative head was associated with some geometric factor of the assembly, since different readings were obtained with the same fluid and the only apparent difference was the assembly and disassembly of the apparatus.

It is presumed to occur in other members of the Brassica family.

However, it is not known to either the union or the public precisely how much of a cost increase is caused by a given change in the basic wage rate, although the companies are presumed to have reliable estimates of this magnitude.

In this model, then, the industry is presumed to realize that they could successfully resist a change in the basic wage rate, but since such a change is the only effective means to raising prices they may, in circumstances to be spelled out in Part 2, below, find it to their advantage to allow the wage rise.

Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.

Little is known of Andreas Capellanus's life, but he is presumed to have been a courtier of Marie of Troyes, and probably of French origin ; he is sometimes known by a French translation of his name, André le Chapelain.

The table counted the years starting from the presumed birth of Christ, rather than the accession of the emperor Diocletian on 20 November 284, or as stated by Dionysius: " sed magis elegimus ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesu Christi annorum tempora praenotare ..." It is assumed Dionysius Exiguus intended either 1 AD or 1 BC to be the year of Christ's birth ( a " year zero " does not exist in this calendar ).

where θ is the true angle SEE ′, is the apparent angle S ′ EE ′, and is the relative speed between the presumed fixed frame of reference ( such as heliocentric ) and the observer's one.

The 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet is set on Altair 4, a presumed planet of the star.

Chronicles was formerly presumed to represent the source-material whence Samuel and Kings were composed ; that is, the kings ' official Day-Books, much like the U. S. Congressional Record of modern times.

Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay " Batman, Deviance, and Camp " that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because " he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality ," " the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp ," and " merits analysis as a notably successful construction of masculinity.

The Book of Haggai is named after its presumed author, the prophet Haggai.

Another important development was the mitre gate, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century.

In January 1204, the protovestiarius Alexius Murzuphlus provoked a riot, it is presumed, to intimidate Alexius IV, but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of Athena, the work of Phidias, which stood in the principal forum facing west.

Since a witness called by the opposing party is presumed to be hostile, cross-examination does permit leading questions.

In the Superman: The Animated Series episode " The Late Mr. Kent ", wherein Clark Kent is presumed dead, Superman expresses frustration at the idea of not being Clark and having to be someone else instead (" I am Clark Kent.

In a number of modern states, circumcision is presumed to be legal, but under certain circumstances, more general laws, such as laws about assault or child custody, may sometimes be interpreted as applying to situations involving circumcision.

He is presumed missing by the military, but Homer and Candy both believe he is dead and move on with their lives.

Of the treatments CBT was found to be presumed or proven effective at treating schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress, anxiety disorders, bulimia, anorexia, personality disorders and alcohol dependency.

One of Hofstadter's columns in Scientific American concerned the damaging effects of sexist language, and two chapters of his book Metamagical Themas are devoted to that topic, one of which is a biting analogy-based satire entitled " A Person Paper on Purity in Language ", in which the reader's presumed revulsion at racism and racist language is used as a lever to motivate an analogous revulsion at sexism and sexist language.

The earliest known concerto for double bass was written by Joseph Haydn ca. 1763, and is presumed lost in a fire at the Eisenstadt library.

Morgan was presumed to be at least casually familiar with all three murdered boys, having previously driven an ice cream truck route in their neighborhood.

Domnall died, either at the palace of Cinnbelachoir ( location unknown ), or at Rathinveralmond ( also unknown, and may be the same place, presumed to be near the junction of the Almond and the Tay, near Scone ).

Even though the French and Indian War continued over the next several years, Allen did not apparently participate in any further military activities, and is presumed to have tended his farm, at least until 1762.

Cast of a skull presumed to have been that of Erasmus at the Rotterdam library Erasmus collection

The time parameter is set at " ever "; that is, the state is to be presumed present between observations.

His term as Prime Minister was brought to an early and dramatic end in December 1967 when he disappeared while swimming at Cheviot Beach near Portsea, Victoria, and was presumed drowned.

Neither was an inquest held at the time because Victorian law did not provide any mechanism for reporting presumed or suspected deaths to the Victorian Coroner.

As his father then ruled as Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( from 1457 also as Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ), he was born at the Hohenzollern residence of Ansbach in Franconia, where he spent his childhood years until in 1466 he received the call to Brandenburg as presumed heir by his uncle Elector Frederick II.

Mindaugas had at least two wives, Morta and Morta's sister, whose name is unknown, and possibly an earlier wife ; her existence is presumed because two children – a son named Vaišvilkas and an unnamed daughter married to Svarn in 1255 – were already leading independent lives when Morta's children were still young.

: the jurors ought to be told in all cases that every man is to be presumed to be sane, and to possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes, until the contrary be proved to their satisfaction ; and that to establish a defence on the ground of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing ; or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong.

Depiction of Haumea ( dwarf planet ) | Haumea's presumed 7: 12 resonance with Neptune in a rotating frame, with Neptune ( blue dot at lower right ) held stationary.

) In many cases, however, tangible personal property will not be " titled " in an owner's name and is presumed to be whatever property he or she was in possession of at the time of his or her death.

Mark Yarhouse, of Pat Robertson's Regent University, wrote that " psychologists have an ethical responsibility to allow individuals to pursue treatment aimed at curbing experiences of same-sex attraction or modifying same-sex behaviors, not only because it affirms the client's rights to dignity, autonomy, and agency, as persons presumed capable of freely choosing among treatment modalities and behavior, but also because it demonstrates regard for diversity.

In the Early Christian Church, the presumed fact was that the Septuagint was translated by Jews before the era of Christ, and that the Septuagint at certain places gives itself more to a christological interpretation than ( say, 2nd century ) Hebrew texts, was taken as evidence, that " Jews " had changed the Hebrew text in a way that made them less christological.

Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated ( been " invented " by humans ) at some point.

It is presumed that at least two transmissions over three generations are required for a practice, belief or object to be seen as traditional.

Other methods commonly practised in Europe included severing the tendons at the knees or placing poppy seeds, millet, or sand on the ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire ; this was intended to keep the vampire occupied all night by counting the fallen grains, indicating an association of vampires with arithmomania.