During its flowering in the sixth to the eighth centuries, Mahayana offered a supernatural package to the Chinese which bears no resemblance to the highly digested philosophical Zen morsels offered to the modern Western reader.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, physicists discovered subatomic components and structure inside the atom, thereby demonstrating that the ' atom ' was divisible.

During the last three centuries attempts have been made to sift away successively those gems which had no claim to be considered in any sense Gnostic, or specially Basilidian, or connected with Abrasax.

During the following centuries the monks from this monastery had an influencing effect on Portuguese culture.

During the 8th through the 9th centuries, many inhabitants of what is present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan were converted to Sunni Islam.

During the 3rd and 4th centuries many ecclesiastics and monks wrote in Coptic.

During the early centuries of Christianity the title " pope " was applied generally to all bishops ; it now has more specific meanings that vary between churches.

During the past few centuries of detailed, scientific study of the Bronze Age, it has become clear that on the whole, the use of copper or bronze was only the most stable and therefore the most diagnostic part of a cluster of features marking the period.

During the post-Roman centuries of Germanic migration and settlement, the region afterwards included in the Diocese of Bamberg was inhabited for the most part by Slavs.

During the 17th and 18th centuries coin collecting remained a pursuit of the well-to-do.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, coin collecting increased further in popularity.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese philosophy integrated concepts from Western philosophy.

During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals and smaller parish churches occurred across Western Europe.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries most monarchies maintained a mounted cavalry element in their royal or imperial guards.

When one society finds itself forced to relinquish power entirely to another society that in itself is a form of underdevelopment .... During the centuries of pre-colonial trade, some control over social political and economic life was retained in Africa, in spite of the disadvantageous commerce with Europeans.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, just the opposite was the case with little to no population concentration in major industrial centres as the predominantly rural resource-dependent Maritime economy continued on the same path as it had since European settlement on the region's shores.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, materialistic monism has became the norm.

During the XII and XIII centuries many encyclopedic works have been written. Among them De proprietatibus rerum by Bartholomeus Anglicus ' ( 1240 ) was the most widely read and quoted encyclopedia in the High Middle Ages while Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Majus ( 1260 ) was the most ambitious encyclopedia in the late-medieval period at over 3 million words.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Easter Island experienced severe erosion due to deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices.

During the 18th and 19th centuries Emsworth was still a busy little port.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, it became increasingly commonplace to refer to the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium as " Flanders ".

During the 18th and 19th centuries, French cuisine assimilated many new food items from the New World.

During the next two centuries, Europeans started planting lawns and raising flowerbeds and trellises of roses.

During the 9th century BC the Assyrians began to reassert themselves against the incursions of the Aramaeans, and over the next few centuries developed into a powerful and well-organised empire.

During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

During the Reconquista, Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims.

During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained a great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the Reconquista against the Moors.

During the Spanish Reconquista, there were periods when the Christian kings were more militarily powerful than the Moors, but lacked the population to settle and defend the conquered territories.

During the Reconquista, the Kingdom of León in northern Spain built three churches famous for their domed crossing towers, called " cimborios ", as it acquired new territories.

During the first centuries of the Reconquista, the Franks drove the Muslims south of the Pyrenees.

During a brief Anglo-French peace, he journeyed to the Iberian Peninsula to aid Alfonso XI of Castile in the Reconquista.

During the Reconquista, the feudal lords granted fueros to some villas and cities, to encourage the repopulation of the frontier and of commercial routes.

During this time the ethnic tensions between the Berbers and Arabs weakened the Caliphate militarily while the Reconquista gained success to the north of Extremedura in Castile.

During the Reconquista, Muslims were forced to either convert to Catholicism or leave the peninsula.

During the Reconquista, Portuguese and Castilian conquests went south, to take lands from the Moslems that they claimed as theirs.

During the 13th century, in the Portuguese Reconquista, the Portuguese Navy helped in the conquest of several littoral moorish towns, like Alcácer do Sal, Silves and Faro.

During antiquity, the region was occupied by the Celts, then Romans and finally the Arab forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, who dominated the region until the Christian Reconquista.

During the Reconquista, captured Muslims were enslaved ; in the 12th century, the Muslim slaves carried out the grand reconstruction of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.

During the Reconquista, in 1233, king Ferdinand III was able to wrest the town from the Muslim rulers.

During the Reconquista, in which he took an active part, he founded the Order of Calatrava.

During the Reconquista in the 12th and 13th centuries, with the populating ( povoamento ) of the conquered territories, areas due to religion the Arabs reduced wine production.

During the Reconquista, Alvito was conquered by the Portuguese in 1234, being later ( 1251 ) donated by King Afonso III to Estêvão Anes, chancellor of the kingdom, who promoted the settlement of the area.

During the Reconquista, Estremoz was captured in the 12th century by the army of knight Geraldo Sem Pavor ( Gerald the Fearless ), who had also conquered neighbouring Évora.

During the Reconquista, Zafra was captured twice by Christian forces, first in 1229 by Alfonso IX, and then definitely by Ferdinand III, in a campaign through present-day Extremadura described in Alfonso X's Crónica General de España ( General History of Spain ).