psychosis

Temporary withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, agitation, psychosis, and motor disorders may occur during dosage reduction of antipsychotics, and can be mistaken for a return of the underlying condition.

Today, " minor tranquilizer " can refer to anxiolytic and / or hypnotic drugs such as the benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines which have some antipsychotic properties and are recommended for concurrent use with antipsychotics, and are useful for insomnia or drug-induced psychosis.

Memantine has a more targeted pharmacological profile for the glutamate system, reduced incidence of psychosis and may therefore be preferred for individuals who cannot tolerate amantadine.

However, chlorpromazine proved to reduce the effects of psychosis in a more effective and specific manner than lobotomy, even though it was known to be capable of causing severe sedation.

The term psychosis is very broad and can mean anything from relatively normal aberrant experiences through to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder.

Lorazepam is most commonly used but clonazepam is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania ; their long-term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence.

An antipsychotic ( or neuroleptic ) is a tranquilizing psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis ( including delusions or hallucinations, as well as disordered thought ), particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and is increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders ( ATC code N05A ).

The term " manic-depressive illness " or psychosis was coined by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late nineteenth century, originally referring to all kinds of mood disorder.

Despite this, " psychosis " is generally given to noticeable deficits in normal behavior ( negative signs ) and more commonly to diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs ( positive signs ).

Because mania frequently encourages high energy and decreased perception of need or ability to sleep, within a few days of a manic cycle, sleep-deprived psychosis may appear, further complicating the ability to think clearly.

People suffering from psychosis are described as psychotic.

Usually fantasy, as in castration, but at other times gender confusion or hatred, or even psychosis can result in penectomy.

Psychoanalysis has a detailed account of psychosis which differs markedly from that of psychiatry.

The two major sources of evidence given to support this theory are that dopamine receptor D2 blocking drugs ( i. e., antipsychotics ) tend to reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms, and that drugs which boost dopamine activity ( such as amphetamines and cocaine ) can trigger psychosis in some people ( see amphetamine psychosis ).

The tapes also reveal the origin of Riddler's psychosis: When he was young, his father would recurringly beat him for being a " moron ", so a young Edward attempted to disprove his father by entering a riddle-solving contest in school, which he wound up winning.

Cycloid psychosis is psychosis that progresses from normal to full-blown usually within a few hours, not related to drug intake or brain injury.

Establishing the cause of psychosis requires clinical examination, and sometimes special investigations, to diagnose or exclude secondary causes of psychosis ; if these are excluded, a primary psychiatric diagnosis can be established.

Second-generation ( atypical ) antipsychotics: The concept of “ atypicality ” is from the finding that the second generation antipsychotics ( SGAs ) had a greater serotonin / dopamine ratio than did earlier drugs, and might be associated with improved efficacy ( particularly for the negative symptoms of psychosis ) and reduced extrapyramidal side effects.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) assesses the level of 18 symptom constructs of psychosis such as hostility, suspicion, hallucination, and grandiosity.

His characters often carried dark personal secrets, and were often conflicted — sometimes to the point of psychosis — by these burdens.

On the other hand, cannabis use has increased dramatically over the past few decades but declined in the last decade, whereas the rate of psychosis has not increased.

Withdrawal-related psychosis from antipsychotics is called " supersensitivity psychosis ", and is attributed to increased number and sensitivity of brain dopamine receptors, due to blockade of dopaminergic receptors by the antipsychotics, which often leads to exacerbated symptoms in the absence of neuroleptic medication.

The DSM-IV-TR avoids the functional / organic distinction, and instead lists traditional psychotic illnesses, psychosis due to general medical conditions, and substance-induced psychosis.

NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, can replicate a similar psychosis to that experienced in schizophrenia.