** ( ــ ِ ـ ) ( i )

** ( ــ ُ ـ ) ( u )

** ( ــ ْ ـ ) ( no vowel )

** Arabic: ك ِ ت َ اب k < u > i </ u > t < u > ā </ u > b " book " ( singular ) – ك ُ ت ُ ب k < u > u </ u > t < u > u </ u > b " books " ( plural )

** Zarvan ( ز َ روان ), the personification of Time in the Shahnameh

* ( ــ ً ــ ٍ ــ ٌ ـ ) ( تنوين ) symbols: Serve a grammatical role in Arabic.

* ( ــ ّ ـ ): Gemination ( doubling ) of consonants.

* ( ــ ٰ ـ ) superscript alif ( also " short " or " dagger alif ": A replacement for an original alif that is dropped in the writing out of some rare words, e. g. لاكن is not written out with the original alif found in the word pronunciation, instead it is written out as ل ٰ كن.

The verse 39 of surah 8 in Holy Qur ' an و َ ق َ ـ ٰ ت ِ ل ُ وه ُ م ۡ ح َ ت َّ ى ٰ ل َ ا ت َ ك ُ ون َ ف ِ ت ۡ ن َ ة ٌ۬ و َ ي َ ڪ ُ ون َ ٱلد ِّ ين ُ ڪ ُ ل ُّ ه ُ ۥ ل ِ ل َّ ه ِ‌ۚ ف َ إ ِ ن ِ ٱنت َ ه َ و ۡ ا ْ ف َ إ ِ ن َّ ٱلل َّ ه َ ب ِ م َ ا ي َ ع ۡ م َ ل ُ ون َ ب َ ص ِ ير ٌ۬ ( ٣٩ contains the word fitna, typically translated as " persecution " ( M. M.

# و َ م ِ ن ش َ ر ِّ ٱلن َّ ف َّ ـ ٰ ث َ ـ ٰ ت ِ ف ِ ى ٱل ۡ ع ُ ق َ د ِ