* ( ــ ً ــ ٍ ــ ٌ ـ ) ( تنوين ) symbols: Serve a grammatical role in Arabic.

* ( ــ ٰ ـ ) superscript alif ( also " short " or " dagger alif ": A replacement for an original alif that is dropped in the writing out of some rare words, e. g. لاكن is not written out with the original alif found in the word pronunciation, instead it is written out as ل ٰ كن.

** ( ــ َ ـ ) ( a )

** ( ــ ِ ـ ) ( i )

** ( ــ ُ ـ ) ( u )

** ( ــ ْ ـ ) ( no vowel )

" This was borrowed into Arabic as al-tub ( الط ّ وب al " the " + tub " brick ") " brick ," which was assimilated into Old Spanish as adobe, still with the meaning " mud brick.

It is the same source for the names Persian ( زمر ّ د zomorrod ), Turkish ( zümrüt ), Sanskrit ( मरकत ; marakata ), Kannada ( ಪಚ ್ ಚ ೆ ; Pacche ), Telugu ( Paccha ), Georgian ( ზურმუხტი ; zurmukhti ), Russian ( изумруд ; izumrud ) and Armenian zmruxt.

The Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: د َ و ْ ل َ ت ِ ع َ ل ِ ي ّ ه ٔ ع ُ ثم َ ان ِ ی ّ ه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿO < u > s </ u > mâniyye Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia.

It was known as Ḫarrānu in the Assyrian period ; possibly Ḫaran () in the Hebrew Bible ; or Carrhae under the Roman Empire ; Hellenopolis ( ' Greek city ') in the Early Christian period ; and Ḥarrān ( حر ّ ان ) in the Islamic period.

* Sellaj — ( Arabic: سل ّ ج ) in Saudi Arabia.

In Modern Standard Arabic the term refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense ( e. g., an Arab would speak of the souq in the old city as well as the souq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحر ّ as-sūq al-ḥurr ).

The name Saiph is from the Arabic saif al jabbar, ' سیف الجب ّ ار ' literally sword of the giant.

The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama ' ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé ; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية المسل ّ حة ) is an Islamist organisation that wants to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state.

The current flag of the Union of the Comoros ( officially Union des Comores الات ّ حاد القمري ّ‎, al-Ittiḥādd al-Qamariyy ) was designed in 2001 and officially adopted on 7 January 2002.

Qissat hubb majusiyya قص ّ ة حب ّ مجوسية, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.

Sharq al-Mutawassit شرق المتوس ّ ط, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.

Al-an … huna, aw sharq al-Mutawassit marra ukhra الآن ... هنا ، أو شرق المتوس ّ ط مر ّ ة أخرى, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.

Umm an-nudhur أم ّ النذور, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.

Ad-dimuqratiyya awwilan ad-dimuqratiyya daiman الديمقراطية أو ّ لا ً الديمقراطية دائما ً, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.

Sirat madina – Amman fi l-arba ' inat سيرة مدينة – عم ّ ان في الأربعينات, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.

Saint Catherine's Monastery ( Greek: Monì tìs Agìas Ekaterìnis ), in Arabic دير القد ّ يسة كاترينا commonly known as Santa Katarina lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai in the city of Saint Catherine in Egypt's South Sinai Governorate.

The Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran ( MISIRI ) ( Persian: و ِ زار َ ت ِ ا ِ ط ّ لاعات ج ُ مهوری ِ ا ِ سلامی ِ ایران Vezarat-e Ettela ' at Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran ) is the secret police and primary intelligence agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

There was a fair amount of compensatory lengthening involved where a loss of consonantal gemination lengthened the preceding vowel, whence the transformation of عش ّ (' nest ') into عوش.

Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, more commonly known as Samuel ibn Tibbon ( Hebrew: שמואל בן יהודה אבן תבון, Arabic: ابن تب ّ ون ), was a Jewish philosopher and doctor.

The Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ; in Arabic: الجمهوري ّ ة العربية اليمنية al-Jamhūrīyah al -` Arabīyah al-Yamanīyah ), also known as North Yemen or Yemen ( Sana ' a ), was a country from 1962 to 1990 in the northwestern part of what is now Yemen.

The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: جمهورية الي َ م َ ن ْ الديم ُ قراطية الش َ ع ْ ب ِ ي ّ ة Jumhūrīyat Al-Yaman Ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah Ash-Sha ' bīyah ) — also referred to as South Yemen, Democratic Yemen or Yemen ( Aden ) was a socialist state in the present-day southern and eastern Provinces of Yemen.

Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat ( ـ َ, ـ ُ, ـ ُ, etc.

) and the Arabic sukūn ( ـ ْ ـ ) mark the absence of a vowel.

The sign ـ ً is most commonly written in combination with alif, e. g. ـ ً ا.

The verse 39 of surah 8 in Holy Qur ' an و َ ق َ ـ ٰ ت ِ ل ُ وه ُ م ۡ ح َ ت َّ ى ٰ ل َ ا ت َ ك ُ ون َ ف ِ ت ۡ ن َ ة ٌ۬ و َ ي َ ڪ ُ ون َ ٱلد ِّ ين ُ ڪ ُ ل ُّ ه ُ ۥ ل ِ ل َّ ه ِ‌ۚ ف َ إ ِ ن ِ ٱنت َ ه َ و ۡ ا ْ ف َ إ ِ ن َّ ٱلل َّ ه َ ب ِ م َ ا ي َ ع ۡ م َ ل ُ ون َ ب َ ص ِ ير ٌ۬ ( ٣٩ contains the word fitna, typically translated as " persecution " ( M. M.

ـ آخرین پرواز قناری. ـ انتشارات شیلا. ـ استکهلم

Kashida can also refer to a character representing this elongation ( ـ ) ( also known as tatweel or taṭwīl-تطويل taṭwīl ), or to one of a set of glyphs of varying lengths that are used to implement this elongation in a font.

Gemination is not obligatorily marked for the digraphs, though some writers indicate it by doubling the first symbol: qopphaa ' uu ' be prepared '.

Gemination ( doubling ) of the consonant or lengthening of the vowel before the-chan to provide two moras is common, such as Settchan from Setsuko and Hii-chan from Hiroki.

* Gemination ( lengthening ) of all consonants except before.

Gemination was not marked.

Gemination of nasals, however, is indicated by nūnu + sukun preceding the nasal to be geminated.

* Gemination occurs when a developing tooth incompletely splits into the formation of two teeth.

Gemination is also significant in Oromo.

Gemination is distinct from stress and may appear independently of it.

Gemination in the syllabary is represented with the sokuon, a small tsu: っ for hiragana in native words and ッ for katakana in foreign words.

) Gemination inherited from Latin still occurs in Italian and Catalan.

Gemination is specially characteristic of Punjabi compared to other Indo-Aryan languages like Hindi-Urdu, where instead of the presence of consonant lengthening, the preceding vowel tends to be lengthened.