* 1575 – Bartol Kašić, Croatian writer and linguist ( d. 1650 )

* 1650 – Vincenzo Coronelli, Italian cartographer ( d. 1718 )

* 1650 – Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards.

* 1650 – The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army from Orkney invades mainland Scotland but is defeated by a Covenanter army.

Thābit's formula was rediscovered by Fermat ( 1601 – 1665 ) and Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler ( 1707 – 1783 ).

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ) by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Bernard of Clairvaux ( 1090 – 1153 ), in a 1700 painting by Georg Andreas Wasshuber ( 1650 – 1732 ) on display at Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

The great plague of 1650 – 1654 halved the city's population.

Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ) and René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution.

Western casuistry dates from Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance ( or " confession ").

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

The first holder of the title was John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), the noted English general, and indeed an unqualified reference to the Duke of Marlborough in a historical text will almost certainly refer to him.

* John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), became Duke of Marlborough in 1702

* John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), soldier and statesman

* 1566 – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer ( d. 1650 )

René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed analytic geometry, an alternative method for formalizing geometry.

* 1650 – Anne-Jules, French general ( d. 1708 )

* 1650 – Nell Gwynne, English actress and royal mistress ( d. 1687 )

A Polish Kabbalist, writing in about 1630 – 1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thus: " And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter Golem and form tzurah and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck, until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust.

** Humanism and Protestant Reformation ( 1500 – 1650 )

An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 – 1650 BCE ): " Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do thus to you.

Around 1650, Otto von Guericke built a crude electrostatic generator: a sulphur ball that rotated on a shaft.

The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres.

The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.

** Otto von Guericke, German physicist and inventor ( b. 1602 ), who is noted for the first air pump ( 1650 ) and creation of a vacuum ( 1654 ) using his Magdeburg Hemispheres.

* 1650: Otto von Guericke built the first air pump.

* 1650 – Otto von Guericke builds the first vacuum pump

Probably around 1650 von Guericke invented a vacuum pump consisting of a piston and an air gun cylinder with two-way flaps designed to pull air out of whatever vessel it was connected to, and used it to investigate the properties of the vacuum in many experiments.

* Mikael von Jordan 1645 – 1650 ( Province of Nyslott )

In 1640 a clock was built underneath the rebuilt spire, and from 1650 the famous Wallenrodt Library, donated by Martin von Wallenrodt, was situated underneath the gable roof.

Kitzingen's revival is credited to the wisdom of Bishop Johann Philip von Schoenborn of Würzburg, whose Edict of Toleration in 1650 encouraged the return of the expelled Protestants.

File: Hortus Palatinus und Heidelberger Schloss von Jacques Fouquiere. jpg | Castle & gardens ( 1650 ) before fires and wars.

1650, immediately after the Thirty Years ' War, as a burial church for the Freiherrn von Freyberg.

In the rest of the Brandenburg Mark: Bukow ( 1546 – 1556 ); Haselberg & Harnekop ( 1617 – 1662 ); Paretz ( 1677 – 1795 ); Flatow ( 1797 – 1810 ); Steinhöfel ( 1774 – 1800-descended to Charlotte von Blumenthal and thence to her son Valentin von Massow ) ); Trechwitz ( 1644 – 1650 ); Falkenberg

It was built by Colonel Erhard Reichsfreiherr von Ehrentreuter of Hofrieth ( 1596-1664 ), commander of the Dutch garrison in Emden, between the years 1642 and 1650.

* Ferdinand Herzog von Bayern † ( 17 Feb 1612 Succeeded-13 Sep 1650 Died )

* Max Heinrich Herzog von Bayern † ( 13 Sep 1650 Succeeded-3 Jun 1688 Died )

In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England.

Other are the Villa Borghese ; the Villa Doria Pamphili ( 1650 ); the Villa Giulia of Pope Julius III ( 1550 ), designed by Vignola.

In 1650, he designed the sets for the Quarant ' ore, or Forty Hours Devotion, held in the church of Il Gesù.

The elder Rainaldi's important projects in Rome the Palazzo Pamphilj in Piazza Navona ( c. 1645 – 1650 ), where he designed the ground plan of Sant ' Agnese and laid its foundations beginning in 1652, but was replaced the following year by Francesco Borromini, who erected quite a different façade on Rainaldi's foundations ; after Rainaldi's death his son Carlo was called in to replace Borromini.