The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ).

* 1813 – French Emperor Napoleon I defeats a larger force of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden.

* 1768 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal ( d. 1813 )

In American history important spokesmen included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur ( 1735 – 1813 ), and John Taylor of Caroline ( 1753 – 1824 ) in the early national period.

For a time he took into his family the young student Antoine-Frédéric Ozanam ( 1813 – 1853 ), one of the founders of the Conference of Charity, later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul.

Some early scientists such as Georg Ernst Stahl ( 1659-1734 ) and Francisque Bouillier ( 1813 – 1899 ) had supported a form of animism which life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that all cannot be traced back to chemical and mechanical processes, but that there is a directive force which guides energy without altering its amount.

* 1813 – Jules Grévy, French politician, 3rd President of the French Republic ( d. 1891 )

* 1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate.

* 1813 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist ( d. 1891 )

* 1813 – At the Battle of Grossbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.

* 1813 – At the final stage of the Peninsular War, British-Portuguese troops capture the town of Donostia ( now San Sebastián ), resulting in a rampage and eventual destruction of the town.

* 1813 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: Creek " Red Sticks " kill over 500 settlers ( including over 250 armed militia ) in Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama.

* 1813 – Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria ( d. 1862 )

* 1813 – James McCune Smith, African-American doctor and abolitionist ( d. 1865 )

* 1813 – Instituto Nacional, is founded by the Chilean patriot José Miguel Carrera.

* 1813 – War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York ( present day Toronto, Canada ).

* 1813 – Zebulon Pike, American frontiersman and explorer ( b. 1779 )

His siblings included Sarah ( 1802 – 1859 ), Naphtali ( 1807 ), Ralph ( 1809 – 1898 ), and James ( 1813 – 1868 ).

This was inaugurated by Montalembert, but its literary advocates were chiefly Dom Gueranger, a learned Benedictine monk, abbot of Solesmes, and Louis François Veuillot ( 1813 – 1883 ) of the Univers ; and it succeeded in suppressing them everywhere, the last diocese to surrender being Orleans in 1875.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

A classic use of an abatis was found at the Battle of the Chateauguay, 26 October 1813, when approximately 1, 300 Canadian voltigeurs, under the command of Charles-Michel de Salaberry, defeated an American corps of approximately 2, 300 men.

Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz and in October, 1813, Persia was compelled to make a disadvantageous peace, ceding some territory in the Caucasus ( present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the Republic of Azerbaijan ).

( The Battle of Nations ( 1813 ) and the Battle of Gettysburg ( 1863 ) were exceptional in lasting three days.

Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon I, he left the Prussian army and served in the Russian army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian Campaign, including the Battle of Borodino.

* 1813 – Manuel Belgrano defeats the royalist army of Pío de Tristán during the Battle of Salta.

Having been defeated by a seven nation army at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he was forced to abdicate after the Six Days Campaign and the occupation of Paris.

He was defeated in a great Battle of Leipzig in late 1813, and Napoleon's empire started to collapse.

After the Battle of Leipzig and subsequent collapse of the French Empire in 1813, the Netherlands was restored as a " sovereign principality " with the House of Orange providing a monarch.

The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, and the following year, Ferdinand VII was restored as King of Spain.

On the Spanish front the French troops were defeated at Vitoria ( June 1813 ) and then at the Battle of the Pyrenees ( July – August 1813 ).

Napoleon was largely defeated in the Battle of the Nations outside Leipzig in October 1813, and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the Six Days Campaign ( February 1814 ), although, the Six Days Campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece because the allies suffered much higher casualties.

* 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek – A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force two times its size under William Winder and John Chandler.

* 1813 – Battle of Beaver Dams: a British and Indian combined force defeats the United States Army.

* 1813 – Peninsular War: Battle of Vitoria.

Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British Navy at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. Powell 1873

A map from Meyers Encyclopedia depicting the Battle of Leipzig on 18 October 1813

The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and an allied coalition of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden.

In 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars, the Prussians, under Field Marshal Blücher, defeated the French forces of MacDonald in the Battle of Katzbach nearby.

* 1813 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads his French troops into the Battle of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany, against the combined armies of Russia and Prussia.

His crowning achievement was the victory at Kulm ( August 30, 1813 ), which cost him amputation of the left arm.

During the Napoleonic War of the Sixth Coalition, Teplice in August 1813 was the site where Emperor Francis I of Austria, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia first signed the triple alliance against Napoleon I of France that led to the coalition victory at the nearby Battle of Kulm.

After Kutuzov's death, he once again became commander-in-chief of the Russian forces at the Battle of Bautzen ( 21 May 1813 ), and in this capacity he served at Dresden ( 26 – 27 August 1813 ), Kulm ( 29 – 30 August 1813 ) and Leipzig ( 16 – 19 October 1813 ).

** the Battle of Kulm, 1813 defeat to Napoleon by Austrians, Prussians, and Russians

nl: Slag bij Kulm ( 1813 )

In the campaign of 1813 Vandamme's Corps was encircled by the Prussian General Kleist at Kulm and 13, 000 men were captured, including Vandamme himself.

The Regimental flag was of St. George's colours with inscription: " For displayed feats in battle of Kulm 17th of August 1813 ".