The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ).

* 1813 – French Emperor Napoleon I defeats a larger force of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden.

* 1768 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal ( d. 1813 )

In American history important spokesmen included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur ( 1735 – 1813 ), and John Taylor of Caroline ( 1753 – 1824 ) in the early national period.

For a time he took into his family the young student Antoine-Frédéric Ozanam ( 1813 – 1853 ), one of the founders of the Conference of Charity, later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul.

Some early scientists such as Georg Ernst Stahl ( 1659-1734 ) and Francisque Bouillier ( 1813 – 1899 ) had supported a form of animism which life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that all cannot be traced back to chemical and mechanical processes, but that there is a directive force which guides energy without altering its amount.

* 1813 – Jules Grévy, French politician, 3rd President of the French Republic ( d. 1891 )

* 1813 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist ( d. 1891 )

* 1813 – At the Battle of Grossbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.

* 1813 – At the final stage of the Peninsular War, British-Portuguese troops capture the town of Donostia ( now San Sebastián ), resulting in a rampage and eventual destruction of the town.

* 1813 – Battle of Kulm: French forces are defeated by an Austrian-Prussian-Russian alliance.

* 1813 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: Creek " Red Sticks " kill over 500 settlers ( including over 250 armed militia ) in Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama.

* 1813 – Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria ( d. 1862 )

* 1813 – James McCune Smith, African-American doctor and abolitionist ( d. 1865 )

* 1813 – Instituto Nacional, is founded by the Chilean patriot José Miguel Carrera.

* 1813 – War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York ( present day Toronto, Canada ).

* 1813 – Zebulon Pike, American frontiersman and explorer ( b. 1779 )

His siblings included Sarah ( 1802 – 1859 ), Naphtali ( 1807 ), Ralph ( 1809 – 1898 ), and James ( 1813 – 1868 ).

This was inaugurated by Montalembert, but its literary advocates were chiefly Dom Gueranger, a learned Benedictine monk, abbot of Solesmes, and Louis François Veuillot ( 1813 – 1883 ) of the Univers ; and it succeeded in suppressing them everywhere, the last diocese to surrender being Orleans in 1875.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

Gervasio Antonio de Posadas y Dávila ( 18 June 1757 ( Buenos Aires ) – 2 July 1833 ( Buenos Aires )) was a member of Argentina's Second Triumvirate from 19 August 1813 to 31 January 1814, after which he served as Supreme Director until 9 January 1815.

Alvear was a leader of the constituent Assembly of the year 1813 and, goaded by political ambition, succeeded in establishing an Unitarian ( centralizing ) form of government, having his uncle Gervasio Antonio de Posadas named Supreme Director ( chief executive ).

Unable to win a decisive victory, Salcedo lifted the siege on February 19, 1813 and turned toward San Antonio de Bexar.

Antonio García Gutiérrez ( 4 October 1813, Chiclana de la Frontera, Cádiz — 26 August 1884, Madrid ) was a Spanish Romantic dramatist.

* Antonio Despuig y Dameto ( 1799 – 1813 )

When, in 1813, General José Miguel Carrera marched to meet the invasion of Brigadier Antonio Pareja, the senate appointed a temporary government, and Eyzaguirre was elected a member of the Junta de Gobierno established in March, 1813, along with José Miguel Infante and José Ignacio Cienfuegos, and which lasted until March 7, 1814.

The Battle of Medina was fought approximately 20 miles south of San Antonio de Bexar ( modern-day Downtown San Antonio in the U. S. state of Texas ) on August 18, 1813 as part of the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish authority in Mexico.

Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani ( 1725 – 1813 ) was an Italian anatomist and physiologist.

He had two elder brothers, Antonio and Giuseppe ( 1813 – 1862 ).

Antonio de Capmany y Montpalau ( November 24, 1742 – Cadis, Andalusia, November 14, 1813 ), Spanish polygraph, was born at Barcelona.

Admiral Pareja had been born in Peru and his father, Brigadier Antonio Pareja, had died in Chile on 1813, fighting for the King during the Chilean War of Independence.

A classic use of an abatis was found at the Battle of the Chateauguay, 26 October 1813, when approximately 1, 300 Canadian voltigeurs, under the command of Charles-Michel de Salaberry, defeated an American corps of approximately 2, 300 men.

* 12 October 1813 – 12 February 1814 José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco ( 1st time )

* 1813 – Manuel Belgrano defeats the royalist army of Pío de Tristán during the Battle of Salta.

When the Argentine envoy, Nicolás de Herrera, arrived in May 1813, he learned to his dismay that all decisions had to await the meeting of a Paraguayan congress in late September.

* December 31 – Jean de Crévecoeur, French-American writer ( d. 1813 )

de: 1813

His brother Jean Bernadotte ( Pau, 1754 – Pau, 8 August 1813 ) was eventually made 1st Baron Bernadotte and married Marie Anne Charlotte de Saint-Paul.

In a footnote to a poem titled Speech to the Western Indians, ( published 1813 ) Arent DePeyster, British commandant at Fort Michilimackinac from 1774 to 1779, noted that " Baptist Point de Saible " was " handsome ", " well educated ", and " settled in Eschecagou ".

* Marc René Marie de Voyer d ' Argenson ( 1809 – 1813 )

* Baron Jacques Fortunat de Savoye-Rollin ( 1813 – 1814 )

The Regiment was founded in 1903 as a recreation of a unit which existed from 1813 to 1826 under the leadership of national hero General José de San Martín.

In 1802 Ussé was purchased by the duc de Duras ; as early as March 1813, low-key meetings were held at Ussé among a group of Bourbon loyalists, who met to sound out the possibilities of a Bourbon Restoration: such men as Trémouille, duc de Fitzjames, the prince de Polignac, Ferrand, Montmorency and the duc de Rochefoucault attended.

* Jean de Crèvecoeur ( 1735 – 1813 ), French-American writer

Heine was deliberately attacking Madame de Staël's book De l ' Allemagne ( 1813 ) which he viewed as reactionary, Romantic and obscurantist.

In 1813 and 1814 Jeffersonville was briefly the de facto capital of the Indiana Territory, as then-governor Thomas Posey disliked then-capital Corydon, and wanting to be closer to his personal physician in Louisville, decided to live in Jeffersonville.

ca: Batalla de Lützen ( 1813 )

es: Batalla de Lützen ( 1813 )

fr: Bataille de Lützen ( 1813 )