In 1857 – 58, Douglas broke with President James Buchanan, leading to a fight for control of the Democratic Party.

In 1857, the Austrian scholar Anton Boller suggested adding Japanese to Altaic or more precisely to Ural – Altaic.

* 1770 – David Thompson, Canadian explorer ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Eugen Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist ( d. 1940 )

* 1857 – Manuel de Escandón, Mexican polo player ( d. 1940 )

* 1857 – Eugène Sue, French novelist ( b. 1804 )

* 1924 – Joseph Conrad, Polish-English writer ( b. 1857 )

* 1929 – Thorstein Veblen, American economist and sociologist ( b. 1857 )

* 1857 – Cécile Chaminade, French pianist and composer ( d. 1944 )

* 1857 – Max Wagenknecht, German composer ( d. 1922 )

* 1857 – Albert Ballin, German businessman ( d. 1918 )

* 1789 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician ( d. 1857 )

* Alexander of Bulgaria ( 1857 – 1893 ), first prince of Bulgaria

* Alexander of Bulgaria ( 1857 – 1893 ), Prince of Bulgaria

* 1857 – The Panic of 1857 begins, setting off one of the most severe economic crises in United States history.

Alfonso XII ( born Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo ) ( Madrid, 28 November 1857 – El Pardo, 25 November 1885 ) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d ' état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.

* Alfonso XII of Spain-( 1857 – 1885 ) ( ordinal numbering continues from the kings of Castile )

* 1857 – Sandford Schultz, English cricketer ( d. 1937 )

* 1857 – " The Spirits Book " by Allan Kardec is published, marking the birth of Spiritualism in France.

* 1857 – Clarence Darrow, American attorney ( d. 1938 )

* 1857 – Alexander Shirvanzade, Armenian playwright and novelist ( d. 1935 )

* 1857 – Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom ( d. 1944 )

* 1936 – Karl Pearson, English mathematician ( b. 1857 )

* 1776 – Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh ( d. 1857 )

The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded upon by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically elaborated upon by Rudolf Clausius in 1857 and 66 from which the concept of entropy emerged.

Émile Coué ( 1857 – 1926 ) assisted Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault for around two years at Nancy.

* July 2 – Émile Coué, French psychologist ( b. 1857 )

* Émile Coué ( 1857 – 1926 ) pharmacist, hypnotist, and creator of La méthode Coué (" Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better ').

A younger brother, Émile ( 1857 – 1906 ), became an assistant in the print-room at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and afterwards joined the staff at the Musée du Louvre, of which he eventually became keeper, retiring in 1902.

Émile Cohl ( January 4, 1857, Paris – January 20, 1938 ), born Émile Eugène Jean Louis Courtet, was a French caricaturist of the largely forgotten Incoherent Movement, cartoonist, and animator, called " The Father of the Animated Cartoon " and " The Oldest Parisian ".

The Académie française, by a single vote, preferred Émile Augier at the election in 1857, but in the following year Laprade was chosen to fill the place vacated by Alfred de Musset.

Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie () ( February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926 ) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a popular method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion.

Émile Cohl ( 1857 – 1938 ) created what is most likely the first real animated cartoon to be drawn on paper, Fantasmagorie in 1908.

After-years Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault ( 1864 – 1904 ), the founder of the Nancy School, and Emile Coué ( 1857 – 1926 ) father of applied conditioning, developed the theory of suggestion and autosuggestion and made them therapeutic tools.

The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.

* 1810 – Alfred de Musset, French poet ( d. 1857 )

* 1800 – Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist ( d. 1911 )

* 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste, French inventor ( d. 1935 )

* 1798 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.

The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with the poet Charles Baudelaire ( 1861 – 67 ) ( Les fleurs du mal, 1857 ), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud ( 1854 – 91 ), Paul Verlaine ( 1844 – 96 ), Stéphane Mallarmé ( 1842 – 98 ), and Paul Valéry ( 1871 – 1945 ).

* 1904 – Georges Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologist ( b. 1857 )

* 1857 – Paul Doumer, French President ( d. 1932 )

* 1857 – Joseph Babiński, French neurologist ( d. 1932 )

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

* 1857 – Georges Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologist ( d. 1904 )

Direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects such as tuning forks had been made by English physician Thomas Young in 1807, but the first known device for recording airborne speech, music and other sounds is the phonautograph, patented in 1857 by French typesetter and inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.