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* Abd-ar-Rahman IV succeeds Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.
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Abd-ar-Rahman and IV
In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ), two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Cordoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada ( 1017 ), and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir ( 1023 – 1024 ).
Abd-ar-Rahman IV was murdered the same year he was proclaimed at Cadiz, in flight from a battle in which he had been deserted by his supporters.
* Abd-ar-Rahman IV, Umayyad caliph
* 1018: In Spain, power is captured by Abd-ar-Rahman IV.
* 1024: In Spain, assassination of Abd-ar-Rahman IV.
Abd-ar-Rahman and II
Especially after 912, during the reign of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II, the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the Caliphate of Cordoba, to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country.
With the death of Al-Hakam II Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman in 976, the Caliphate began to dissolve, and the position of the Jews became more precarious under the various smaller Kingdoms.
* 961: Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III in Spain ; accession of al-Hakam II.
Abd-ar-Rahman II, emir of Córdoba, launched reprisal campaigns in the succeeding years.
This rebellion was put down by Emir Abd-ar-Rahman II, who attacked the Kingdom of Pamplona, defeating García badly and killing Fortún.
In particular, in 937, he allied himself with Ramiro II of León and Muhammad ibn Hashim, governor of Zaragoza, resulting in a military campaign by Abd-ar-Rahman III via Calatayud and Zaragoza into García ' a lands.
Abd-ar-Rahman and Umayyad
Then, in 929 the Emir of Córdoba ( Abd-ar-Rahman III ), the leader of the Umayyad dynasty, declared himself Caliph, independent from the Abbasids in Baghdad.
* Abd-ar-Rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty.
Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I () was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ).
It was assumed by Emperor Otto I that the Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, Abd-ar-Rahman III, was sovereign over Fraxinetum, and he sent John of Gorze as ambassador in 953 to demand the cessation of the pirates ' activities.
The first expansion was undertaken in 956, by Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, Abd-ar-Rahman III.
Following initial Arab victories, and especially with the establishment of Umayyad rule by Abd-ar-Rahman I in 755, the native Jewish community was joined by Jews from the rest of Europe, as well as from Arab territories, from Morocco to Babylon ( Assis, p. 12 ; Sarna, p. 324 ).
** Abd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
Abd-ar-Rahman and caliph
Abd-ar-Rahman V was proclaimed caliph in December 1023 at Córdoba, and murdered in January 1024 by a mob of unemployed workmen, headed by one of his own cousins.
* the well-preserved Guzman castle, near the port, built by order of caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III ( 960 ).
* Onneca Fortúnez, who married firstly Abdallah ibn Mohammed, Emir of Córdoba, and secondly her cousin Aznar Sánchez of Larraun, grandson of king García Íñiguez, becoming the mother of the future queens Toda Aznárez, wife of Sancho Garcés, and Sancha Aznárez, wife of king Jimeno Garcés, as well as grandmother of caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III.
Abd-ar-Rahman and .
Abd-ar-Rahman III ( Abd al-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh ; ; 11 January 889 / 91 – 15 October 961 ) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba ( 912 – 961 ) of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus.
In 927, Abd-ar-Rahman also launched a campaign against the rebel Banu Qasi clan, but was forced to break it off by the intervention of King Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona.
The lord of Badajoz, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad, grandson of Abd-ar-Rahman ibn Marwan al-Yilliqi, not only fortified his city against a possible attack of Ordoño, but also acted in complete independence from Córdoba.
Caliph Al-Walid I's reign is considered as the apex of Islamic power, though Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the 10th century under Abd-ar-Rahman III.
* 889 – Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba ( d. 961 )
* 929 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III established the Caliphate of Córdoba.
After regaining control over the dissident governors, Abd-ar-Rahman III tried to conquer the remaining Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, attacking them several times and forcing them back beyond the Cantabric range.
Christian political forces then accused Abd-ar-Rahman III of pederasty with a Christian boy who was later canonized Saint Pelagius of Cordova for his refusal of Abd-ar-Rahman's advances.
* January 16 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordoba creates the Caliphate of Cordoba to compete with his Fatimid rivals who had assumed the title in 910.
Abd-ar-Rahman III becomes Caliph of Spain in 912, ushering in the height of tolerance.
The city was founded by Calipha Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordova in 955 AD.
The castle was built by Abd-ar-Rahman III in the mid-10th century.
In 934, Abd-ar-Rahman III intervened in the kingdom, beginning a period of frequent punitive campaigns from Córdoba and submission to tributary status by Pamplona.
In an 843 battle, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and Musa unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Íñigo and his son Galindo escaped with wounds and several nobleman, most notably Velasco Garcés, defected to Abd-ar-Rahman.
IV and succeeds
* In William Shakespeare's history play Henry IV, Part 2, Prince Harry refers to Murad as " Amurath " in Act V Scene 2 when he succeeds his father, King Henry IV, in 1413:
; 1877: The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband succeeds as Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse
** Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I of Sweden and Norway ( as Charles IV ).
* August 12 – Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 1687 ) succeeds Ibrahim I ( 1640 – 1648 ) as Ottoman Emperor.
* September 10 – Murat IV ( 1623 – 1640 ) succeeds Mustafa I ( 1622 – 1623 ) as Ottoman Emperor.
* January 7 – Pope Pius V succeeds Pope Pius IV as the 225th pope.
* February 9 – Ibrahim I ( 1640 – 1648 ) succeeds Murat IV ( 1623 – 1640 ) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
* November 8 – Suleiman II ( 1687 – 1691 ) succeeds the deposed Mehmed IV as Ottoman Emperor.
* November 15 – Mahmud II ( 1808 – 1839 ) succeeds Mustafa IV ( 1807 – 1808 ) as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
* December 14 – Pope Adrian IV ( also known as Hadrian IV ) succeeds Pope Anastasius IV as the 169th pope.
* June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV as King of the United Kingdom.
* June 22 – Pope Stephen IV ( sometimes referred to as Stephen V ) succeeds Pope Leo III as the 97th pope.
* January 25 – Pope Paschal I succeeds Pope Stephen IV as the 98th pope.
* Pope Gregory IV succeeds Pope Valentine as the 101st pope ( date unclear ).
* January – Pope Sergius II succeeds Pope Gregory IV as the 102nd pope.
* January – Pope Leo IV succeeds Pope Sergius II as the 103rd pope.
* September 29 – Pope Benedict III succeeds Pope Leo IV as the 104th pope.
* August 25 – Pope Boniface IV succeeds Pope Boniface III as the 67th pope.
* Theophylact succeeds Stephen IV as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
* Leo IV succeeds Constantine V as Byzantine Emperor.
* August 9 – Pope Sixtus IV succeeds Pope Paul II as the 212th pope.
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