Anomalous operation, also known as anomalous perturbation, is any paranormal phenomena in which it is said that an individual ( a ) uses Psi ( parapsychology ) to influence a physical event, or ( b ) to effect a physical change, in object.

* Anomalous photovoltaic effect

* Anomalous photovoltaic effect, a type of a photovoltaic effect which occurs in semiconducting materials

* Anomalous photovoltaic effect

Anomalous Propagation ( AP ) refers to false radar echoes usually observed when calm, stable atmospheric conditions, often associated with super refraction in a temperature inversion, direct the radar beam toward the ground.

* Anomalous dispersion ( optics ), when the speed of an electromagnetic wave increases with increasing frequency

Anomalous propagation ( shorten as Anoprop ) includes different forms of electromagnetic ( EM ) wave propagation that are not encountered in a standard atmosphere due to a non standard distribution of temperature and humidity with height in the atmosphere.

An example of Anomalous operation would be the use of Psi to manipulate a random number generator into giving out pre-selected results, or causing a compass needle to change its heading.

Anomalous perturbations are divided into two categories based on the magnitude of its effects, Macro-AP and Micro-AP.

Cepheid variables are divided into several subclasses which exhibit markedly different masses, ages, and evolutionary histories: Classical Cepheids, Type II Cepheids, Anomalous Cepheids, and Dwarf Cepheids.

Anomalous planes are planes which do not fit into other categories.

Clutter may also originate from multipath echoes from valid targets caused by ground reflection, atmospheric ducting or ionospheric reflection / refraction ( e. g. Anomalous propagation ).

* Anomalous increase of the astronomical unit: Recent measurements indicate that planetary orbits are widening faster than if this were solely through the sun losing mass by radiating energy.

Anomalous compared with the three distinctions already made is the small region of the Oltrepò Pavese, formed by the Apennine foothills beyond the Po River.

An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen ’ – an article describing no less than the first artificial transmutation of an element.

** Anomalous dynamics ( Random walk # Anomalous diffusion ), the stochastic motion of objects with mean squared displacement ( MSD ) that deviates from the relation for normal dynamics, MSD ~ t, where t is the time the process is seen ; anomalous dynamics are either faster than normal dynamics ( MSD > t ) or slower ( MSD < t )

Anomalous dispersion happens in areas of rapid spectral variation with respect to the refractive index.

Anomalous dispersion plays a fundamental role in achieving backward propagating and superluminal light.

Anomalous dispersion can also be used to produce group and phase velocities that are in different directions.

He was, for the final years of his life, president of the Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena.

Among these are the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh ; the Parapsychology Research Group at Liverpool Hope University ( this closed in April 2011 ); the SOPHIA Project at the University of Arizona ; the Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology Research Unit of Liverpool John Moores University ; the Center for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes at the University of Northampton ; and the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London.

On the other hand, Anomalous Diffraction Theory applies to optically soft but larger particles.

* Anomalous X-ray scattering ( MAD or SAD phasing ) – the X-ray wavelength may be scanned past an absorption edge of an atom, which changes the scattering in a known way.

Davidson, for example, subscribes to Anomalous Monism, according to which there can be no strict psycho-physical laws which connect mental and physical events under their descriptions as mental and physical events.

Anomalous meteorites are members of well-established groups that are different enough in some important property to merit distinction from the other members.

* “ Functionalism and Anomalous Monism ”, in Ernest LePore and Brian McLaughlin, eds., Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson ( Blackwell, Oxford, 1985 ), pp. 387 – 98

Anomalous propagation can be a limiting factor for the propagation of radiowaves, especially the super refraction.

Anomalous Propagation is different from ground clutter, ocean reflections ( sea clutter ), biological returns from birds and insects, debris, chaff, sand storms, volcanic eruption plumes, and other non-precipitation meteorological phenomena.

From 1984 – 1986, Kazuma Yamane studied the development of cute handwriting, which he called Anomalous Female Teenage Handwriting, in depth.

In 2011, Bem published the article " Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect " in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology that offered statistical evidence for psi.

* Nocturnal Lights ( NL ): Anomalous lights seen in the night sky.

For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.

Hephaestus ’ s ugly appearance and lameness is taken by some to represent arsenicosis, an effect of low levels of arsenic exposure that would result in lameness and skin cancers.

At higher frequencies, resistance and resistive losses in inductors grow due to skin effect in the inductor's winding wires.

The efficiency of a transformer may decrease as the frequency increases due to eddy currents in the core material and skin effect on the windings.

* Skin effect: The resistance of a wire to high frequency current is higher than its resistance to direct current because of skin effect.

Like skin effect, this reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the wire conducting current, increasing its resistance.

To reduce resistance due to skin effect, in high-power inductors such as those used in transmitters the windings are sometimes made of a metal strip or tubing which has a larger surface area, and the surface is silver-plated.

* Litz wire: To reduce skin effect losses, some coils are wound with a special type of radio frequency wire called litz wire.

Unlike ordinary stranded wire, the strands are insulated from each other, to prevent skin effect from forcing the current to the surface, and are braided together.

The braid pattern ensures that each wire strand spends the same amount of its length on the outside of the braid, so skin effect distributes the current equally between the strands, resulting in a larger cross-sectional conduction area than an equivalent single wire.

In 1880, Heaviside researched the skin effect in telegraph transmission lines.

However, properties such as core loss and conductor skin effect also increase with frequency.

At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses.

For AWG 24 wire ( of the type commonly found in Cat 5e cable ), the skin effect frequency becomes dominant over the inherent resistivity of the wire at 100 kHz.

At high frequencies, current travels near the surface of the wire because of the skin effect, resulting in increased power loss in the wire.

Stranded wire might seem to reduce this effect, since the total surface area of the strands is greater than the surface area of the equivalent solid wire, but ordinary stranded wire does not reduce the skin effect because all the strands are short-circuited together and behave as a single conductor.

However, for many high-frequency applications, proximity effect is more severe than skin effect, and in some limited cases, simple stranded wire can reduce proximity effect.

This effect is mediated by GPR109A-mediated prostaglandin release from the Langerhans cells of the skin and can be blocked by taking 300 mg of aspirin half an hour before taking niacin, by taking one tablet of ibuprofen per day or by co-administering the prostaglandin receptor antagonist laropiprant.

In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safety limit for direct skin exposure.

Thicker wires would lead to a relatively small increase in capacity due to the skin effect, that causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the wire.