Clutter may also originate from multipath echoes from valid targets caused by ground reflection, atmospheric ducting or ionospheric reflection / refraction ( e. g. Anomalous propagation ).

* Anomalous propagation

Anomalous propagation ( shorten as Anoprop ) includes different forms of electromagnetic ( EM ) wave propagation that are not encountered in a standard atmosphere due to a non standard distribution of temperature and humidity with height in the atmosphere.

* Anomalous propagation, false radar echoes

Anomalous dispersion can also be used to produce group and phase velocities that are in different directions.

Davidson, for example, subscribes to Anomalous Monism, according to which there can be no strict psycho-physical laws which connect mental and physical events under their descriptions as mental and physical events.

An example of Anomalous operation would be the use of Psi to manipulate a random number generator into giving out pre-selected results, or causing a compass needle to change its heading.

* Anomalous X-ray scattering ( MAD or SAD phasing ) – the X-ray wavelength may be scanned past an absorption edge of an atom, which changes the scattering in a known way.

Anomalous X-ray Pulsars ( AXPs ) are now widely believed to be magnetars — young, isolated, highly magnetized neutron stars.

" Anomalous diffusion " commonly refers only to this very generic model, and not the many other possibilities that might be described as anomalous.

** Anomalous dynamics ( Random walk # Anomalous diffusion ), the stochastic motion of objects with mean squared displacement ( MSD ) that deviates from the relation for normal dynamics, MSD ~ t, where t is the time the process is seen ; anomalous dynamics are either faster than normal dynamics ( MSD > t ) or slower ( MSD < t )

* Etzel Cardeña ( 1957 -), Thorsen Professor of Psychology, Director of the Center for Research on Consciousness and Anomalous Psychology ( CERCAP )

He was, for the final years of his life, president of the Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena.

Among these are the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh ; the Parapsychology Research Group at Liverpool Hope University ( this closed in April 2011 ); the SOPHIA Project at the University of Arizona ; the Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology Research Unit of Liverpool John Moores University ; the Center for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes at the University of Northampton ; and the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London.

* In astronomy, as an abbreviation for Anomalous X-ray pulsar

In 2011, Bem published the article " Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect " in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology that offered statistical evidence for psi.

* Anomalous precession, another term for " apsidal precession "

* Being president of the British UFO Research Association and the Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena.

Anomalous theories have been studied in great detail and are often founded on the celebrated Atiyah – Singer index theorem or variations thereof ( see, for example, the chiral anomaly ).

Anomalous Propagation ( AP ) refers to false radar echoes usually observed when calm, stable atmospheric conditions, often associated with super refraction in a temperature inversion, direct the radar beam toward the ground.

Anomalous operation, also known as anomalous perturbation, is any paranormal phenomena in which it is said that an individual ( a ) uses Psi ( parapsychology ) to influence a physical event, or ( b ) to effect a physical change, in object.

Anomalous perturbations are divided into two categories based on the magnitude of its effects, Macro-AP and Micro-AP.

Anomalous dispersion happens in areas of rapid spectral variation with respect to the refractive index.

Anomalous dispersion plays a fundamental role in achieving backward propagating and superluminal light.

On the other hand, Anomalous Diffraction Theory applies to optically soft but larger particles.

* Anomalous increase of the astronomical unit: Recent measurements indicate that planetary orbits are widening faster than if this were solely through the sun losing mass by radiating energy.

Anomalous compared with the three distinctions already made is the small region of the Oltrepò Pavese, formed by the Apennine foothills beyond the Po River.

Cepheid variables are divided into several subclasses which exhibit markedly different masses, ages, and evolutionary histories: Classical Cepheids, Type II Cepheids, Anomalous Cepheids, and Dwarf Cepheids.

Anomalous meteorites are members of well-established groups that are different enough in some important property to merit distinction from the other members.

* “ Functionalism and Anomalous Monism ”, in Ernest LePore and Brian McLaughlin, eds., Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson ( Blackwell, Oxford, 1985 ), pp. 387 – 98

Anomalous Propagation is different from ground clutter, ocean reflections ( sea clutter ), biological returns from birds and insects, debris, chaff, sand storms, volcanic eruption plumes, and other non-precipitation meteorological phenomena.

From 1984 – 1986, Kazuma Yamane studied the development of cute handwriting, which he called Anomalous Female Teenage Handwriting, in depth.

* Nocturnal Lights ( NL ): Anomalous lights seen in the night sky.

During nighttime hours, because of the intense skywave propagation then prevailing, no large number of stations can be permitted to operate on one of these channels, if the wide area service for which these frequencies are assigned is to be rendered satisfactorily by the dominant stations which must be relied upon to render it.

Thus, man can readily deduce that the primary objective end of the conjugal act is procreation, the propagation of the race.

The propagation of sound waves in a fluid ( such as water ) can be modeled by an equation of motion ( conservation of momentum ) and an equation of continuity ( conservation of mass ).

The problem of deciding whether a set of Horn clauses is satisfiable is in P. This problem can indeed be solved by a single step of the Unit propagation, which produces the single minimal model of the set of Horn clauses ( w. r. t.

Look-ahead solvers have especially strengthened reductions ( going beyond unit-clause propagation ) and the heuristics, and they are generally stronger than conflict-driven solvers on hard instances ( while conflict-driven solvers can be much better on large instances which actually have an easy instance inside ).

Certain types of large random satisfiable instances of SAT can be solved by survey propagation ( SP ).

" From these principles and some additional constraints —( 1a ) a lower bound on the linear dimensions of any of the parts, ( 1b ) an upper bound on speed of propagation ( the velocity of light ), ( 2 ) discrete progress of the machine, and ( 3 ) deterministic behavior — he produces a theorem that " What can be calculated by a device satisfying principles I – IV is computable.

Carry propagation is accomplished by a set of spiral arms in the back that poll the carry levers in a helical manner so that a carry at any level can increment the wheel above by one.

The propagation of a wave can be visualized by considering every point on a wavefront as a point source for a secondary spherical wave.

Charged particles can move at relativistic speeds nearing field propagation speeds, but, as Einstein showed, this requires enormous field energies, which are not present in our everyday experiences with electricity, magnetism, matter, and time.

Finally the design is laid out in the FPGA at which point propagation delays can be added and the simulation run again with these values back-annotated onto the netlist.

The important fact is that at very high velocities the behavior of the particle-like modes becomes distinct from the relativistic one-they can reach the speed of light limit at finite energy ; also the faster-than-light propagation is possible without requiring moving objects to have imaginary mass.

Sporadic E propagation makes radio amateurs very excited, as propagation paths that are generally unreachable can open up.

Distances for one hop propagation can be as close as or up to.

When gates are cascaded, the total propagation delay is approximately the sum of the individual delays, an effect which can become a problem in high-speed circuits.

The apparent need for a propagation medium for such Hertzian waves can be seen by the fact that they consist of perpendicular electric ( E ) and magnetic ( B or H ) waves.

Within these chapters it is revealed that all persons can attain Buddhahood in this lifetime and Shakyamuni transfers the essence of the sutra to the Bodhisattvas of the Earth led by Bodhisattva Superior Practices ( Jogyo ), entrusting them with the propagation of the essence of the sutra in the Latter Day of the Law.

Numerical modeling techniques such as the finite element method, the boundary element method and the transmission-line matrix method can be used to model the propagation of light in systems which cannot be solved analytically.

( Note that the propagation of the prion depends on the presence of normally folded protein in which the prion can induce misfolding ; animals which do not express the normal form of the prion protein cannot develop nor transmit the disease.

Communicating using QRP can be difficult since the QRPer must face the same challenges of radio propagation faced by amateurs using higher power levels, but with the inherent disadvantages associated with having a weaker signal on the receiving end, all other things being equal.

Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere ; long waves may cover a part of the Earth very consistently, shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and travel around the world, and much shorter wavelengths bend or reflect very little and travel on a line of sight.

Due to its link to other kinds of solar activity, sunspot occurrence can be used to help predict space weather, the state of the ionosphere, and hence the conditions of short-wave radio propagation or satellite communications.

Because the units of throughput are the reciprocal of the unit for propagation delay, which is ' seconds per message ' or ' seconds per output ', throughput can be used to relate a computational device performing a dedicated function such as an ASIC or embedded processor to a communications channel, simplifying system analysis.

In linear media, any wave pattern can be described in terms of the independent propagation of sinusoidal components.