As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Alhazen, René Descartes ( Discourse on the Method ) and Galileo Galilei.

Mainly Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) but also Marin Mersenne ( 1588 – 1648 ), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings ( completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier ).

* 1609 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.

Although observations of some aerodynamic effects such as wind resistance ( e. g. drag ) were recorded by Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, very little effort was made to develop a rigorous quantitative theory of air flow prior to the 17th century.

Later he claimed to be the discoverer of the moons, which led to a dispute with the true discoverer, Galileo Galilei.

* 1612 – Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star.

Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei ), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history.

* 1564 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist ( d. 1642 )

* 1633 – Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.

The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei in January 1610.

Galileo Galilei, the discoverer of the four Galilean moons

As a result of improvements Galileo Galilei made to the telescope, with a magnifying capability of 20 ×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was ever possible before.

Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars.

The € 20 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.

Named after the Renaissance astronomer Galileo Galilei, it was launched on October 18, 1989, by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission.

* 1610: Galileo Galilei discovers the moons of Jupiter.

These works also influenced contemporary Italian scientist Galileo Galilei and provided one of the foundations for Englishman Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

It remained the mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.

Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 )

The Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) was the central figure in the Scientific Revolution and famous for his support for Copernianism, his astronomical discoveries, and his improvement of the telescope.

Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an improved version of the refracting telescope ( the Keplerian Telescope ), and mentioned the telescopic discoveries of his contemporary Galileo Galilei.

* 1633 – The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.

* 1610 – Galileo Galilei makes his first observation of the four Galilean moons: Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa, although he is not able distinguish the last two until the following day.

In 1612, Galileo Galilei proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of the orbits of the moons of Jupiter one could use their positions as a universal clock and this would make possible the determination of longitude, but the practical problems of the method he devised were severe and it was never used at sea.

Two central figures in the early modern age are Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.

When Galileo later complained of rumors to the effect that he had been forced to abjure and do penance, Bellarmine wrote out a certificate denying the rumors, stating that Galileo had merely been notified of the decree and informed that, as a consequence of it, the Copernican doctrine could not be " defended or held ".

German philosopher Ernst Cassirer ( 1946 ) held that Machiavelli simply adopts the stance of a political scientist — a Galileo of politics — in distinguishing between the " facts " of political life and the " values " of moral judgment.

A notable example is the now defunct belief in the Ptolemy planetary model that held sway until changes in scientific and religious thinking were brought about by Galileo and proponents of his views.

A letter from Bellarmine to Galileo, however, states only the injunction that the heliocentric ideas could not be defended or held ; this letter was written expressly to enable Galileo to defend himself against rumors concerning what had happened in the meeting with Bellarmine.

The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age, but from the late 16th century onward was gradually superseded by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler.

The name was invented by the Greek poet / theologian Giovanni Demisiani at a banquet held on April 14, 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo Galilei a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.

One might call it a critical case, for if Galileo ’ s thesis held for these materials, it could be expected to be valid for all or a large range of materials.

The majority of classes are held in Galileo, Dante and Garaventa halls, which each have three floors.

Besides the Galileo spacecraft, Atlantis payload bay held two canisters containing the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet ( SSBUV ) experiment.

Da Vinci lacked Hooke's law and calculus to complete the theory, whereas Galileo was held back by an incorrect assumption he made.

The Roman College was then open to the Copernican opinion held by Galileo.

* Carlo Rinaldini – First to lecture on works of Galileo as the chair of Philosophy at Padua.

Guidobaldo became a staunch friend of Galileo and helped him again in 1592, when he had to apply to the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua, due to the hatred and machinations of Giovanni de ' Medici, a son of Cosimo I de ' Medici, against Galileo.

Liceti used these studies primarily to attack the views of G. C. Gloriosi ( who had succeeded Galileo as chair of mathematics at the University of Padua ) and S. Chiaramonti, both of whom published their own scathing counter-attacks on Liceti's views.

In 1588 he was chosen over Galileo Galilei to occupy the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna after the death of Egnatio Danti.

" The Four Books on Measurement " were published at Nuremberg in 1525 and was the first book for adults on mathematics in German, as well as being cited later by Galileo and Kepler.

In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for Cosimo de ' Medici.

Galileo maintained strongly that mathematics provided a kind of necessary certainty that could be compared to God's: " With regard to those few mathematical propositions which the human intellect does understand, I believe its knowledge equals the Divine in objective certainty.

Bacon emphasized the importance analyzing experience in an organized way, for example experimentation, while Descartes, seeing the success of Galileo in using mathematics in physics, emphasized the role of methodical reasoning as in mathematics and geometry.

Galileo studied the cycloid and gave it its name, but the connection between it and his problem had to wait for advances in mathematics.

After Galileo's death on 8 January 1642, Grand Duke Ferdinando II de ' Medici asked him to succeed Galileo as the grand-ducal mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa.

Christina, daughter of Charles III of Lorraine and granddaughter of Catherine de ' Medici, was the widow of Ferdinando I de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1587-1609, who had appointed Galileo to the professorship of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1588.

After heliocentrism was revived by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century, Galileo Galilei discovered the four brightest moons of Jupiter in 1610, and documented their orbits about that planet, which contradicted the geocentric doctrine of the Catholic Church of his time, and escaped serious punishment only by maintaining that his astronomy was a work of mathematics, not of natural philosophy ( physics ), and therefore purely abstract.

Galileo Galilei, who was born and studied in Pisa, became professor of mathematics at the Pisan Studium in 1589.

David Clarke describes Mercati as " the archaeological counterpart of Cardano in mathematics, Vesalius in anatomy, Galileo in the physical sciences and Copernicus in astronomy.

Under his patronage, Galileo got an indication to a professorship of mathematics at the University of Pisa, in 1589.

Galilean, as an adjective, describes some aspects of mathematics or astronomy associated with Galileo: see for example Galilean moons and Galilean transformation.