Socialist economists, such as Robin Hahnel, have criticized the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problems of capitalism as avoidable irregularities.

Economist Robin Hahnel notes that, even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.

Says Hahnel, " Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better.

In a chapter recounting the history of libertarian socialism, economist Robin Hahnel relates that thus far the period where libertarian socialism has had its greatest impact was at the end of the 19th century through the first four decades of the twentieth century.

It emerged from the work of activist and political theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s.

Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system proposed primarily by activist and political theorist Michael Albert and radical economist Robin Hahnel, among others.

Albert and Hahnel stress that parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship.

In parecon, it constitutes a replacement for the mainstream economic conception of economic freedom, which Albert and Hahnel argue that by its very vagueness has allowed it to be abused by capitalist ideologues.

Hahnel and Albert argue that without balanced job complexes, those with empowering jobs, such as accounting or management, would be able to formulate plans and ideas, while others, such as janitors, would not develop the capacity to do so, neither would they have the training.

Albert and Hahnel argue that it is inequitable and ineffective to compensate people on the basis of their birth or heredity.

Albert and Hahnel proposed the creation and organization of consumers ' and producers ' councils to implement the decision making principle.

Albert and Hahnel claim the non-transferability of parecon credits would make it impossible to bribe or even beg for money.

Albert and Hahnel did not clarify how a currency of this form would be used in international trading with non-parecon countries.

When analyzing the subject of class and how individuals stratified into them interact with each other, Albert and Hahnel came to the conclusion that Marxian class theory and views of class among capitalist economists were inadequate to assess how economies of all kinds are divided along class lines.

Similar to the New Class theory, it is this class Albert and Hahnel claim which usurped power in former Communist states rather than the working class and rearranged economic power-structures in their favor.

In 2009, in their seminal JEI article, Hahnel and Sheeran highlight several major misinterpretations and common assumption, which when accounted for substantially reduce the applicability of Coase's theorem to real world policy and economic problems.

Hahnel and Sheeran emphasize that these failures are not due to behavioral issues or irrationality ( although these are also quite prevalent ( Ultimatum Game, Cognitive biases )), are not due to transaction costs ( although these are also quite prevalent ), and are not due to absorbing states and inability to pay, rather it is due to fundamental theoretical requirements of Coase's theorem ( necessary conditions ) that are typically grossly misunderstood, and that when not present systematically eliminate the ability of Coaseian approaches to obtain efficient outcomes — locking in inefficient ones.

Hahnel and Sheeran conclude that it is highly unlikely that conditions required for an efficient Coaseian solution will exist in any real-world economic situations.

* Georg Kraft, Josef Klippel, kapo Ilse Lothe, Oscar Schmitz, Fritz Mathes, Karl Egersdorf, Walter Otto, Eric Barsch, Ignatz Schlomovicz, Ida Forster, Klara Opitz, Charlotte Klein, Hildegard Hahnel, and Antoni Polanski were acquitted.

The label structured itself around the participatory economic proposals of Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert.

Robin Eric Hahnel ( born March 25, 1946 ) is a Professor of Economics at Portland State University.

Hahnel is a radical economist and political activist.

Hahnel was an undergraduate at Harvard when he met Albert, who was studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Albert and Hahnel argued that while those aspects of Marxist theory rejecting the institutions of private property and markets were well-founded, other aspects of Marxist and Marxist – Leninist doctrine, including its economistic bias, dialectical methodology, historical materialism, class concepts, labour theory of value, crises theory and rejection of visionary thinking, and authoritarian values and tendencies, were either partially or wholly flawed ; and often constituted obstacles in the struggle for social justice.

In 1991, as the Soviet bloc crumbled and capitalism emerged triumphant Albert and Hahnel published " The Political Economy of Participatory Economics ", a model of an economy based upon allocation by participatory democracy within an integrated framework of nested production and consumption councils that was proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalism, centralized state socialism and market socialism.

As our radius of penetration, R, increases, the area of new knowledge increases by Af, and the total of human knowledge becomes measured in terms of Af.

For United States expenditures under subsections ( A ), ( B ), ( D ), ( E ), ( F ), ( H ) through ( R ) of Section 104 of the Act or under any of such subsections, the rupee equivalent of $200 million.

Companies of all types have made great advances in production capabilities and efficiencies -- in modern equipment and new processes, enlarged R & D facilities, faster new product development.

M & R Dietetic Laboratories, Inc., Columbus, gives all its workers a facsimile checkbook -- each check showing the amount the company spends on a particular fringe.

Many companies have systems, particularly in R & D, which work more or less well, depending upon size and actual belief in the policy on the part of administration, as will be abundantly apparent in subsequent quotations.

We have set up a central R & D department, as well as engineering-management departments -- about 80 people working on problems related to those of our plants.

`` Above these jobs we have chief engineer for the company and vice-president of Engrg, R & Aj.

Paper electrophoresis was carried out on the concentrated samples in a Spinco model R cell using barbital buffer, pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.075, at room temperature on Whatman 3MM filter paper.

We say that N is nilpotent if there is some positive integer R such that Af.

for, using the fact that N and N' commute Af and so when R is sufficiently large every term in this expression for Af will be 0.

Since Af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros, these R functions Af, form a basis for the space of solutions.

Some predictions had been made concerning factors R, N, I and Co on these inventories which appeared to be directly related to control and security aspects of personality functioning which were hypothesized as being of importance in differential Kohnstamm reactivity.

The action and reaction forces are R and Af, respectively, and are equal and opposite in direction.

An analysis of the vector relationships shows that the rake angle **yc and the friction angle **yt determine the vector direction Af of the force resultants R and Af.

It is difficult to measure the direction and magnitude of R directly.

This is not a constant value like Af, but varies with the thickness of the coating and the direction and magnitude of the resultants R and Af of Fig. 6.

If the rake angle **yc of the knife is high enough and the friction angle **yt between the front of the knife and the back of the chip is low enough to give a positive value for Af, the resultant vector R will lie above the plane of the substrate.

A sufficiently good approximation for determining the end reflection losses R can be obtained from the angle independent Fresnel formula: Af.

Moreover, by systematically varying the operating conditions in the first stage and always using the optimal Af-stage policy for the remaining stages, we shall eventually find the optimal policy for all R stages.

If all the operating variables were varied simultaneously, Af operations would be required to do the same job, and as R increases this increases very much more rapidly than the number of operations required by the dynamic program.

But even more important than this is the fact that the direct search by simultaneously varying all operating conditions has produced only one optimal policy, namely, that for the given feed state and R stages.

But Af is vastly larger than R.

Consider the process illustrated in Fig. 2.1, consisting of R distinct stages.

These will be numbered in the direction opposite to the flow of the process stream, so that stage R is the T stage from the end.

Let the state of the stream leaving stage R be denoted by a vector Af and the operating variables of stage R by Af.