If the carriers are holes, replace electron density by the negative of the hole density.

If the core becomes sufficiently dense, electron degeneracy pressure will play a significant part in stabilizing it against gravitational collapse.

If this binding energy is higher than the energy provided by kicks from oscillating atoms in the conductor ( which is true at low temperatures ), then the electron pair will stick together and resist all kicks, thus not experiencing resistance.

If electrons ' move ' about the electron cloud in strict paths the same way planets orbit the sun, then electrons would be required to do so at speeds which far exceed the speed of light.

Alice could send bits to Bob in the following way: If Alice wishes to transmit a " 0 ", she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob's state to either or.

If the photon energy is too low, the electron is unable to escape the material.

If the photon energy is absorbed, some of the energy liberates the electron from the atom, and the rest contributes to the electron's kinetic energy as a free particle.

If an electron of energy E is incident upon an energy barrier of height U ( z ), the electron wave function is a traveling wave solution,

If the bias is small, we can let U − E ≈ φM in the expression for κ, where φM, the work function, gives the minimum energy needed to bring an electron from an occupied level, the highest of which is at the Fermi level ( for metals at T = 0 kelvins ), to vacuum level.

If it does, it will develop into a red giant as described for mid-sized stars below, but never fuse helium as they do ; otherwise, it will simply contract until electron degeneracy pressure halts its collapse, becoming first a blue dwarf and then a white dwarf.

If the mass of the core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit, electron degeneracy pressure will be unable to support its weight against the force of gravity, and the core will undergo sudden, catastrophic collapse to form a neutron star or ( in the case of cores that exceed the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit ), a black hole.

If the SEM is equipped with a cold stage for cryo-microscopy, cryofixation may be used and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy performed on the cryogenically fixed specimens.

:: If Alice wishes to transmit a ' 0 ', she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob's state to either | z +>< sub > B </ sub > or | z ->< sub > B </ sub >.

If Alice wishes to transmit a ' 1 ', she measures the spin of her electron in the x direction, collapsing Bob's state to either | x +>< sub > B </ sub > or | x ->< sub > B </ sub >.

If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.

If an electron is forbidden from simultaneously occupying positive-energy and negative-energy eigenstates, the feature known as Zitterbewegung, which arises from the interference of positive-energy and negative-energy states, would have to be considered to be an unphysical prediction of time-dependent Dirac theory.

In that case, the penetration depth also varies exponentially with temperature T. If there are nodes in the energy gap as in the d symmetry HTS, electron pair can more easily be broken, the superfluid density should have a stronger temperature dependence, and the penetration depth is expected to increase as a power of T at low temperatures.

If the photon's energy is greater than the substance's work function, photoelectric emission occurs and the electron is liberated from the surface.

If the sedimentation rate is low ( about 1 cm / kyr ), the organic carbon content is low ( about 1 % ), and oxygen is abundant, aerobic bacteria can use up all the organic matter in the sediments faster than oxygen is depleted, so lower-energy electron acceptors are not used.

If the photon is of lower energy, but still has sufficient energy ( in general a few eV to a few keV, corresponding to visible light through soft X-rays ), it can eject an electron from its host atom entirely ( a process known as the photoelectric effect ), instead of undergoing Compton scattering.

If the potential energy is set to zero at infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, the usual convention, then bound electron states have negative potential energy.

If there is more than one electron around the atom, electron-electron-interactions raise the energy level.

If the energy absorbed exceeds this potential, then the electron is emitted as a free electron.

If the circumstances are faced frankly it is not reasonable to expect this to be true.

If his dancers are sometimes made to look as if they might be creatures from Mars, this is consistent with his intention of placing them in the orbit of another world, a world in which they are freed of their pedestrian identities.

If a work is divided into several large segments, a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance.

If they avoid the use of the pungent, outlawed four-letter word it is because it is taboo ; ;

If Wilhelm Reich is the Moses who has led them out of the Egypt of sexual slavery, Dylan Thomas is the poet who offers them the Dionysian dialectic of justification for their indulgence in liquor, marijuana, sex, and jazz.

If he is the child of nothingness, if he is the predestined victim of an age of atomic wars, then he will consult only his own organic needs and go beyond good and evil.

If it is an honest feeling, then why should she not yield to it??

If he thus achieves a lyrical, dreamlike, drugged intensity, he pays the price for his indulgence by producing work -- Allen Ginsberg's `` Howl '' is a striking example of this tendency -- that is disoriented, Dionysian but without depth and without Apollonian control.

If love reflects the nature of man, as Ortega Y Gasset believes, if the person in love betrays decisively what he is by his behavior in love, then the writers of the beat generation are creating a new literary genre.

If he is good, he may not be legal ; ;

If the man on the sidewalk is surprised at this question, it has served as an exclamation.

If the existent form is to be retained new factors that reinforce it must be introduced into the situation.

If we remove ourselves for a moment from our time and our infatuation with mental disease, isn't there something absurd about a hero in a novel who is defeated by his infantile neurosis??

If many of the characters in contemporary novels appear to be the bloodless relations of characters in a case history it is because the novelist is often forgetful today that those things that we call character manifest themselves in surface behavior, that the ego is still the executive agency of personality, and that all we know of personality must be discerned through the ego.

If he is a traditionalist, he is an eclectic traditionalist.

If our sincerity is granted, and it is granted, the discrepancy can only be explained by the fact that we have come to believe hearsay and legend about ourselves in preference to an understanding gained by earnest self-examination.

If to be innocent is to be helpless, then I had been -- as are we all -- helpless at the start.

If we take the simple molecular orbital description of the ground state and combine that function with the functions describing all possible excited states using unoccupied orbitals arising from the same set of atomic orbitals, we also reach the full configuration interaction wavefunction.

If light ( photons ) of frequency ν < sub > 12 </ sub > pass through the group of atoms, there is a possibility of the light being absorbed by atoms which are in the ground state, which will cause them to be excited to the higher energy state.

If a collection of atoms are in the excited state, spontaneous decay events to the ground state will occur at a rate proportional to N < sub > 2 </ sub >, the number of atoms in the excited state.

If an atom is already in the excited state, it may be perturbed by the passage of a photon that has a frequency ν < sub > 21 </ sub > corresponding to the energy gap ΔE of the excited state to ground state transition.

If the ground state has a higher population than the excited state ( N < sub > 1 </ sub > > N < sub > 2 </ sub >), the process of absorption dominates and there is a net attenuation of photons.

If the lifetime of this transition, τ < sub > 21 </ sub > is much longer than the lifetime of the radiationless 3 → 2 transition τ < sub > 32 </ sub > ( if τ < sub > 21 </ sub > ≫ τ < sub > 32 </ sub >, known as a favourable lifetime ratio ), the population of the E < sub > 3 </ sub > will be essentially zero ( N < sub > 3 </ sub > ≈ 0 ) and a population of excited state atoms will accumulate in level 2 ( N < sub > 2 </ sub > > 0 ).

If a light source (' the atom ') is in the excited state with energy, it may spontaneously decay to a lower lying level ( e. g., the ground state ) with energy, releasing the difference in energy between the two states as a photon.

If the number of light sources in the excited state is given by, the rate at which decays is:

If the atom is in the excited state, it may decay into the lower state by the process of spontaneous emission, releasing the difference in energies between the two states as a photon.

If the positronium is created in such an excited state then it will quickly cascade down to the ground state where annihilation will occur more quickly.

If it is at a higher energy level, it is said to be excited, or any electrons that have higher energy than the ground state are excited.

" If we had a success, everybody — and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer — was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.

If the atom, which is now in the excited state, emits a photon spontaneously, it will be kicked by the same amount of momentum but in a random direction.

If an excited atom then emits a photon spontaneously, it will be accelerated.

* If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position ( e. g., state of ionization Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >).

The scandal beat might not be her favorite, but Rodriguez understands that it's often what her audience gets excited about: " If I were to program a show for my viewing pleasure, I would make it all news ", said Rodriguez.

If the molecule absorbs light whose energy is larger than this gap, an electron in the HOMO may be excited to the LUMO.

If the bird is excited, it may repeat this call several times.

* If a cell is quiescent, then it remains quiescent unless one or more of its neighbours is excited.

* If a cell is excited, it becomes refractory at the next iteration.

If a material has a direct bandgap in the range of visible light, the light shining on it is absorbed, causing electrons to become excited to a higher energy state.