* Mixed-excitation linear prediction ( MELPe 2400, 1200 and 600 bit / s )

Mixed-excitation linear prediction ( MELP ) is a United States Department of Defense speech coding standard used mainly in military applications and satellite communications, secure voice, and secure radio devices.

# REDIRECT Mixed-excitation linear prediction

# REDIRECT Mixed-excitation linear prediction

Modern methods include the use of lossless data compression for incremental parsing, prediction suffix tree and string searching by factor oracle algorithm ( basically a factor oracle is a finite state automaton constructed in linear time and space in an incremental fashion ).

In both lossy and lossless compression, information redundancy is reduced, using methods such as coding, pattern recognition and linear prediction to reduce the amount of information used to represent the uncompressed data.

Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal.

Linear prediction is a mathematical operation where future values of a discrete-time signal are estimated as a linear function of previous samples.

In digital signal processing, linear prediction is often called linear predictive coding ( LPC ) and can thus be viewed as a subset of filter theory.

In system analysis ( a subfield of mathematics ), linear prediction can be viewed as a part of mathematical modelling or optimization.

These equations are valid for all types of ( one-dimensional ) linear prediction.

* Code-excited linear prediction ( CELP ), 2400 and 4800 bit / s, Federal Standard 1016, used in STU-III

* Algebraic code-excited linear prediction ( ACELP 4. 7 kbit / s – 24 kbit / s )

Since the late 1970s, most non-musical vocoders have been implemented using linear prediction, whereby the target signal's spectral envelope ( formant ) is estimated by an all-pole IIR filter.

In linear prediction coding, the all-pole filter replaces the bandpass filter bank of its predecessor and is used at the encoder to whiten the signal ( i. e., flatten the spectrum ) and again at the decoder to re-apply the spectral shape of the target speech signal.

LP filtering also has disadvantages in that signals with a large number of constituent frequencies may exceed the number of frequencies that can be represented by the linear prediction filter.

Apart from vocoders, several other methods of producing variations on this effect include: the Sonovox, Talk box, and Auto-Tune, linear prediction vocoders, speech synthesis, ring modulation and comb filter.

Transmission of the filter coefficients directly ( see linear prediction for definition of coefficients ) is undesirable, since they are very sensitive to errors.

This is because the above expression is the best linear unbiased prediction of Y given a value of X.

** Animal breeding – branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation ( using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods ) of the genetic value ( estimated breeding value, EBV ) of domestic livestock.

FLAC uses linear prediction to convert the audio samples to a series of small, uncorrelated numbers ( known as the residual ), which are stored efficiently using Golomb-Rice coding.

* Best linear unbiased prediction ( BLUP )

This is analogous to the F-test used in linear regression analysis to assess the significance of prediction.

It also has the practical effect of converting the probability ( which is bounded to be between 0 and 1 ) to a variable that ranges over — thereby matching the potential range of the linear prediction function on the right side of the equation.

The technique is closely related to linear prediction.

LTAC will not be developed any further since it has been superseded by its successor Lossless Predictive Audio Compression ( LPAC ), which is based on linear prediction.

While most alphabets have letters composed of lines ( linear writing ), there are also exceptions such as the alphabets used in Braille, fingerspelling, and Morse code.

Since in oral languages the elements of sound are for the most part produced linearly in time ( that is, in a word like cat the a sound comes after the c sound, and the t sound comes after that ), they can generally be easily written in a linear ( one-dimensional ) writing system such as an alphabet.

In standard arrays, each index is restricted to a certain range of consecutive integers ( or consecutive values of some enumerated type ), and the address of an element is computed by a " linear " formula on the indices.

Analytical chemistry research is largely driven by performance ( sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, linear range, accuracy, precision, and speed ), and cost ( purchase, operation, training, time, and space ).

covers statistical study, descriptive statistics ( collection, description, analysis, and summary of data ), probability, and the binomial and normal distributions, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, linear regression, and correlation.

If X is a Banach space and K is the underlying field ( either the real or the complex numbers ), then K is itself a Banach space ( using the absolute value as norm ) and we can define the continuous dual space as X ′ = B ( X, K ), the space of continuous linear maps into K.

Given any expression involving complex numbers, bras, kets, inner products, outer products, and / or linear operators ( but not addition ), written in bra-ket notation, the parenthetical groupings do not matter ( i. e., the associative property holds ).

The bilinear transform is a special case of a conformal mapping ( namely, the Möbius transformation ), often used to convert a transfer function of a linear, time-invariant ( LTI ) filter in the continuous-time domain ( often called an analog filter ) to a transfer function of a linear, shift-invariant filter in the discrete-time domain ( often called a digital filter although there are analog filters constructed with switched capacitors that are discrete-time filters ).

When the Banach algebra A is the algebra L ( X ) of bounded linear operators on a complex Banach space X ( e. g., the algebra of square matrices ), the notion of the spectrum in A coincides with the usual one in the operator theory.

* Cone ( linear algebra ), a subset of vector space closed under positive scaling

* the dicyanides < sup >−</ sup > ( M = Cu, Ag, Au ), which are linear in geometry.

* Fold-in is the technique of taking two sheets of linear text ( with the same linespacing ), folding each sheet in half vertically and combining with the other, then reading across the resulting page.

" From these principles and some additional constraints —( 1a ) a lower bound on the linear dimensions of any of the parts, ( 1b ) an upper bound on speed of propagation ( the velocity of light ), ( 2 ) discrete progress of the machine, and ( 3 ) deterministic behavior — he produces a theorem that " What can be calculated by a device satisfying principles I – IV is computable.

* If is the norm ( usually noted as ) defined in the sequence space ℓ < sup >∞</ sup > of all bounded sequences ( which also matches the non-linear distance measured as the maximum of distances measured on projections into the base subspaces, without requiring the space to be isotropic or even just linear, but only continuous, such norm being definable on all Banach spaces ), and is lower triangular non-singular ( i. e., ) then

If we assume the controller C, the plant P, and the sensor F are linear and time-invariant ( i. e., elements of their transfer function C ( s ), P ( s ), and F ( s ) do not depend on time ), the systems above can be analysed using the Laplace transform on the variables.

If the function f is not linear ( i. e. its graph is not a straight line ), however, then the change in y divided by the change in x varies: differentiation is a method to find an exact value for this rate of change at any given value of x.

Phylogenetic analysis of these genes places the adenoviruses ( Adenoviridae ), bacteriophages ( Caudovirales ) and the plant and fungal linear plasmids into a single clade.

Primary power for the mission was produced by a new solar array technology, the Solar Concentrator Array with Refractive Linear Element Technology ( SCARLET ), which uses linear Fresnel lenses made of silicone to concentrate sunlight onto solar cells.

The analysis of linear systems is possible because they satisfy a superposition principle: if u ( t ) and w ( t ) satisfy the differential equation for the vector field ( but not necessarily the initial condition ), then so will u ( t ) + w ( t ).

Electrical networks that consist only of sources ( voltage or current ), linear lumped elements ( resistors, capacitors, inductors ), and linear distributed elements ( transmission lines ) can be analyzed by algebraic and transform methods to determine DC response, AC response, and transient response.