Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, one from Confucianism which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love.

Rather than standards of national wealth which are rationalized in terms of first-world development, industrialization, capital and assets appreciation, trade surplus or deficit ; the measure of a country's wealth in Mohism is a matter of sufficient provision and a large population.

One of the schools of Mohism that has received some attention is the Logicians school, which was interested in resolving logical puzzles.

Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism.

* Confucianism, Taoism, and Mohism were traditional competing philosophies to Legalism, that rejected many of the concepts advocated by the Legalists.

Mohism ( Moism ), founded by Mozi ( 墨子 ), promotes universal love with the aim of mutual benefit.

Mohism is best known for the concept of " impartial love " or " universal love " () and " No Evasion " () Mozi's philosophy was described in the book Mozi, compiled by his students from his lecture notes.

Mohism though popular at first due to its emphasis on brotherly love versus harsh Qin Legalism, fell out of favour during the Han Dynasty due to the efforts of Confucians in establishing their views as political orthodoxy.

Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations.

Mohism was a philosophical school of thought founded by Mozi in the 5th century BCE.

Mohism or Moism () was a Chinese philosophy developed by the followers of Mozi ( also referred to as Mo Tzu ( Master Mo ), Latinized as Micius ), 470 BC – c. 391 BC.

Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought in this era were Mozi, founder of Mohism ; Mencius, a famous Confucian who expanded upon Confucius ' legacy ; Shang Yang and Han Fei, responsible for the development of ancient Chinese Legalism ( the core philosophy of the Qin Dynasty ); and Xun Zi, who was arguably the center of ancient Chinese intellectual life during his time, even more so than iconic intellectual figures such as Mencius.

The first surviving mention of the principles behind the pinhole camera or camera obscura belongs to Mozi ( Mo-Ti ) ( 470 to 390 BCE ), a Chinese philosopher and the founder of Mohism.

The most notable schools of thought include Mohism, expounded by Mozi ; Confucianism, represented by Mencius and Xunzi ; Taoism, represented by Zhuangzi, and Legalism, represented by Shang Yang and Han Feizi.

Mohism or Moism ( 墨家 ; Mòjiā ; Mo-chia ; " School of Mo ") was developed by followers of Mozi ( also referred to as Mo Di ; 470 – c. 391 BC ).

Mohism might be argued to have elements of meritocracy: Mozi contended that rulers should appoint officials by virtue of their ability instead of their family connections.

In this context, it is more readily construed as meaning " school of thought ", since it is also used to construct the names of philosophical schools contemporary with Confucianism: for example, the Chinese names for Legalism and Mohism end in jiā.

Taoism / Daoism is one of a few Chinese-ism borrowings, along with Confucianism, Mohism, and Maoism.

Mohism promotes a philosophy of impartial caring ; that is, a person should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to him or her.

In Mohism, morality is defined not by tradition and ritual, but rather by a constant moral guide that parallels utilitarianism.

Mohism is opposed to any form of aggression, especially war between states.

While the Tao Te Ching is most famous, there are many other important texts in traditional Taoism including Mohism.

The main character Fu Ziche ( 輔子徹 ) is a young follower of Mohism, and is also an expert in mechanical engineering, especially concerning Ji Guan Ren ( 機關人 ), man-sized robots or golems powered by small breasts.

The largest philosophical rivals to Confucianism were Legalism and Mohism before the Han dynasty.

Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in the The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism " are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction ; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically.

Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in the The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism " are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction ; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically.

Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in the The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism " are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction ; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically.

The Analects, the main source of the Confucianism of Confucius, actually has little to say on the matter of filial piety and some sources believe the concept was focused on by later thinkers as a response to Mohism.

The Warring States Period and the preceding were marked by frequent violence and war, and many new philosophies were founded to cope with the environment of the time including, Daoism, Confucianism, and Mohism.

Although popular faith in Mohism had declined by the end of the Qin Dynasty, its views are said to be strongly echoed in Legalist thought.

One of the schools that grew out of Mohism, the Logicians, are credited by some scholars for their early investigation of formal logic.

The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world.

It was during the Warring States era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

Of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States Period, the four most influential ones were Confucianism, Daoism ( often spelled " Taoism "), Mohism and Legalism.

The Golden Rule existed among all the major philosophical schools of Ancient China: Mohism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

As Confucianism became the preferred philosophy of later Chinese dynasties, starting from the Emperor Wu of Han, Mohism and other non-Confucian philosophical schools of thought were suppressed.

The Han dynasty that followed adopted Confucianism as the official state philosophy, as did most other successive dynasties, though Daoism and later Buddhism also played an important part in later Chinese life and thought, while Mohism all but disappeared as a separate school of thought.

Theoretically, he advocated a functionalist interpretation, which examined how social institutions functioned to satisfy individual needs.

World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Playford Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location.

Mozi advocated frugality, condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music, which he denounced as extravagant.

* Agrarianism, or the School of Agrarianism, which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.

Alongside writing and reading, he gave lessons in " spiritual culture ", which included interpretation of the Gospels, and advocated object teaching in writing instruction.

He even advocated forgiving the earlier enemies of Valdemar, which helped stabilize Denmark internally.

In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, he invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which produced a steady electric current.

During his presidency, Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, much of which was enacted into law or was implemented by the executive branch.

His political philosophy was largely shaped by his father Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, a leading figure in the Samyukta Maharashtra movement ( United Maharashtra movement ), which advocated the creation of a separate linguistic state of Maharashtra.

As opposed to Gropius's " study of essentials ", and Meyer's research into user requirements, Mies advocated a " spatial implementation of intellectual decisions ", which effectively meant an adoption of his own aesthetics.

This meaning is advocated by several classical rabbinical sources, which argue that it refers to the birth of Benjamin in Canaan, as compared with the birth of all the other sons of Jacob in Aram.

In May 1975, as it prepared to allow unmarried blacks to enroll, BJU adopted more detailed rules prohibiting interracial dating and marriage — threatening expulsion for any student who dated or married interracially, who advocated interracial marriage, who was " affiliated with any group or organization which holds as one of its goals or advocates interracial marriage ," or " who espouse, promote, or encourage others to violate the university's dating rules and regulations.

Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of " classical conditioning " ( see under Ivan Pavlov ) led to the rise of operant conditioning or " radical behaviorism ," a theory advocated by B. F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with " behaviorism " for many.

Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence.

Cycling on a stationary cycle is frequently advocated as a suitable exercise for rehabilitation, particularly for lower limb injury, owing to the low impact which it has on the joints.

Accordingly, “ moved by the same purposes ” the fathers “ apportioned equal prerogatives to the most holy see of new Rome ” because “ the city which is honored by the imperial power and senate and enjoying privileges equaling older imperial Rome should also be elevated to her level in ecclesiastical affairs and take second place after her .” The framework for allocating ecclesiastical authority advocated by the council fathers mirrored the allocation of imperial authority in the later period of the Roman Empire.

This was the central view of the Maritime Rights Movement of the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances.

In 1891, W. Essex Wynter began treating tubercular meningitis by tapping the subarachnoid space, and Heinrich Quincke began to popularize lumbar puncture, which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes ..

While many socialist currents advocated economic planning as an eventual substitute for the market for factors of production, some define economic planning as being based on worker-self management, with production being carried out to directly satisfy human needs, and contrast this with the concept of a command economy of the Soviet Union, which they characterize as being based on a top-down bureaucratic administration of the economy in a similar fashion to a capitalist firm.

In Lebanon, the right-wing Guardians of the Cedars, a fiercely nationalistic ( mainly Christian ) political party which opposes the country's ties to the Arab world, is agitating for " Lebanese " to be recognized as a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect, and has even advocated replacing the Arabic alphabet with a revival of the ancient Phoenician alphabet, which lacks a number of characters to write typical Arabic phonemes present in Lebanese, and lost by Phoenician ( and Hebrew ) in the second millennium BC.

This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.

At the turn of the century, G. K. Chesterton and Hillaire Belloc drew together the disparate experiences of the various cooperatives and friendly societies in Northern England, Ireland and Northern Europe into a coherent political ideology which specifically advocated widespread private ownership of housing and control of industry through owner-operated small businesses and worker-controlled cooperatives.