Molecular analysis suggests that the frog – salamander divergence took place considerably earlier than the palaeontological evidence indicates.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, " New World nine-primaried oscines " ( Aves: Passeriformes ).

* The primary technical reference work on this topic is Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, an in-depth, physics-based analysis of a particular class of potential nanomachines and molecular manufacturing systems, with extensive analyses of their feasibility and performance.

Molecular genetic testing by linkage analysis or direct mutation screening is available clinically ; however, genetic heterogeneity is a significant complication to molecular genetic testing.

Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that the hagfishes are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense.

Molecular analysis carried out at the University of Copenhagen suggests that this classification should be reviewed.

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

Molecular phylogenetics is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has lent support to this hypothesis, and it is now generally accepted.

Molecular biology research uses numerous proteins and enzymes many of which are from expression systems ; particularly DNA polymerase for PCR, reverse transcriptase for RNA analysis and restriction endonucleases for cloning.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, " New World nine-primaried oscines " ( Aves: Passeriformes ) Mol.

*: ( 2008 ) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Dendrobium ( Orchidaceae ), with emphasis on the Australian section Dendrocoryne, and implications for generic classification.

Molecular analysis of 39 leopard cat tissue samples suggested distinction between northern leopard cats from Tsushima, Korea, Siberia, China and Taiwan, and southeast Asian leopard cats.

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed Donk's circumscription of the Cantharellaceae, though the smaller genera have not yet been sequenced.

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has resurrected and redefined the Polyporales ( also known as the polyporoid clade ).

Molecular properties can be modeled through sedimentation velocity analysis or sedimentation equilibrium analysis.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences has shown that Agapanthus is sister to a clade consisting of subfamilies Allioideae and Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae ( sensu APG III ).

Molecular analysis published in 2006 established that the bolete mushrooms are all derived from a common ancestor, and established the Boletales as an order separate from the Agaricales.

Molecular analysis of CPOX is the best way to identify these patients, as they will not express a biochemical phenotype on laboratory testing unless they are symptomatic.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2004 showed that the tribe is monophyletic ( i. e. it contains all the descendants of a single common ancestor ).

Molecular data, including analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials, and the fossil evidence indicate that Ameridelphia might best be understood as an evolutionary grade.

Molecular ( DNA ) testing for PAX6 gene mutations ( by sequencing of the entire coding region and deletion / duplication analysis ) is available for isolated aniridia and the Gillespie syndrome.

Molecular studies by molecular systematists, based on DNA analysis, have revealed new relationships among mammal families over the last few years.

* 1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " describing the double helix structure of DNA.

** Molecular Techniques: gel electrophoresis — transformation — PCR — PCR mutagenesis — primer — chromosome walking — RFLP — restriction enzyme — sequencing — shotgun sequencing — cloning — culture — DNA microarray

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.

* Molecular self-assembly-Arbitrary sequences of DNA can now be synthesized cheaply in bulk, and used to create custom proteins or regular patterns of amino acids.

Molecular structure of DNA.

* April 25 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", their description of the double helix structure of DNA.

Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating molecular units either organic ( e. g. DNA ) or inorganic ( e. g. Mo < sub > 6 </ sub > S < sub > 9-x </ sub > I < sub > x </ sub >).

Molecular studies have been made on dugong populations using mitochondrial DNA.

Molecular markers ( small lengths of DNA of a characterized / known sequence ) are used to ' tag ' and thus track such translocations.

“ Hybrid PNA / DNA Nanosystems .” In 1st International Conference on Nanoscale / Molecular Mechanics ( N-M2-I ), Outrigger Wailea Resort, Maui, Hawaii.

Molecular biologists use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA, collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature.

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other sequence databases such as those of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ( DDBJ ).

* Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., and Doyle, J. J. ( 1998 ) Molecular Systematics of Plants II: DNA Sequencing.

Molecular diagnostics using the mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) cytochrome b gene can differentiate A. m. scutellata from other A. mellifera lineages, though mtDNA only allows one to detect an Africanized colony that has an Africanized queen, and not colonies where a European queen has mated with Africanized drones.

Molecular evolution is in part a process of evolution at the scale of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for DNA sequencing, which allow the determination of the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA.

Molecular phylogeny, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing ( testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn ) is continuing on the Conidae.

In 1994, his paper Molecular Computation of Solutions To Combinatorial Problems described the experimental use of DNA as a computational system.