Several of its later bishops are known: Marinus in 325 ; Niconius in 344 ; Sylvanus at the beginning of the 5th century ; Pionius in 451 ; Leo in 787 ; Peter, friend of the Patriarch Ignatius, and adversary to Michael, in the ninth century.

Fourth Council of Constantinople ( 869 – 870 ) deposed Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople as an usurper and reinstated his predecessor Saint Ignatius.

85 and 110, St. Ignatius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch, was the earliest of the Church fathers to define the importance of episcopal government.

The Council settled the dispute that had broken out after the deposition of Ignatius as Patriarch of Constantinople in 858.

Photius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, shortly after the council in which he had pronounced sentence of deposition against Pope Nicholas I, was driven from the patriarchate by a new emperor, Basil the Macedonian, who favoured his rival Ignatius.

* September – Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople is removed from office and banished ; Ignatius is patriarch of Constantinople once again.

* Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople

* The Patriarch of Antioch is transferred to Damascus under Ignatius II.

In 858, Emperor Michael III ( r. 842 – 867 ) deposed Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, and Photios, still a layman, was appointed in his place.

* Ignatius of Constantinople ( 799 – 877 ): twice Patriarch of Constantinople during troubled political times and 867 – 877.

At least eight bishops are known ( Le Quien, Oriens christianus, I, 1181 ): Athanasius ( 431 ), Peter ( 680 ), Euthymius ( 787 ) and Ignatius ( 869 ); Theodosius ( 1357 ), Joannicius, who became Patriarch of Constantinople ( 1524 ), Philotheus ( 1564 ) and Joasaph ( 1721 ).

During his reign, relations with the Byzantine Empire soured over his support for Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, who had been removed from his post in favor of Photius.

He contended that the Patriarch of Constantinople Ignatius was deposed in 857 and Photius raised to the patriarchal see in violation of ecclesiastical law.

Ignatius ’ elevation to the Patriarchate was declared to be uncanonical and Photius was acclaimed as properly elected as the new Patriarch.

Over time, however, relations soured between the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs and the local hierarchy, particularly after Patriarch Ignatius Peter IV ( reigned 1872 — 1894 ) began demanding registered deeds for the transfer of properties.

In 1912, a synod led by the Patriarch Ignatius Abdul Masih II, who had been controversially deposed by the Ottoman government, consecrated Evanios as Catholicos of the East, under the name Baselios Paulose I.

It appealed to Patriarch Ignatius Abdul Masiha II of the Syriac Orthodox Church, who ordained Murimattathil Paulose Mar Ivanios as Baseliose Paulose, Catholicos of the East.

The incumbent Patriarch is Ignatius Joseph III Yonan ( 2009 –).

In modern history the leaders of the Syriac Catholic Church have been among others: Patriarch Michael III Jarweh, Archbishop Clemens Daoud, Patriarch Ephrem Rahmani, Vicomte de Tarrazi, Monsignor Ishac Armaleh, Ignatius Gabriel I Tappuni, Chorbishop Gabriel Khoury-Sarkis, Ignatius Antony II Hayyek, Ignatius Moses I Daoud, Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad and presently Ignatius Joseph III Yonan

* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.

* 1821 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.

In the Catholic Church, Patriarchs sometimes call their leaders Catholicos ; the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Egypt, is called Pope, meaning ' Father '.

The pope, in addition to being the Bishop of Rome and spiritual head of the Catholic Church, is also the Patriarch of the Latin Rite.

Cyril is well-known due to his dispute with Nestorius and his supporter Patriarch John of Antioch, whom Cyril excluded from the Council of Ephesus for arriving late.

The head of the church and the See of Alexandria is the Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy See of Saint Mark.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church do acknowledge the Honorary Supremacy of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria, since the Church of Alexandria is technically their Mother Church.

Both the Patriarchate of Addis Ababa and all Ethiopia, and the Patriarchate of Asmara and all Eritrea do acknowledge the supremacy of honor and dignity of the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria on the basis that both Patriarchates were established by the Throne of Alexandria and that they have their roots in the Apostolic Church of Alexandria, and acknowledge that Saint Mark the Apostle is the founder of their Churches through the heritage and Apostolic evangelization of the Fathers of Alexandria.

* The leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, is known as Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy See of St. Mark the Apostle.

* His full title is Pope and Lord Archbishop of the Great City of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle that is, in Egypt, Pentapolis, Libya, Nubia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and all Africa.

This title is historically known as “ Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa on the Holy Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist ,” that is “ of Alexandria and of all Africa .” The title of “ Patriarch ” was first used around the time of the Third Ecumenical Council of Ephesus, convened in AD 431, and ratified at Chalcedon in AD 451.

It is to be noted that only the Patriarch of Alexandria has the double title of Pope and Patriarch among the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox Thrones.

The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria is headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria and the members are the Metropolitan Archbishops, Metropolitan Bishops, Diocesan Bishops, Patriarchal Exarchs, Missionary Bishops, Auxiliary Bishops, Suffragan Bishops, Assistant Bishops, Chorbishops and the Patriarchal Vicars for the Church of Alexandria.

Today it also serves as the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, while control of the building is shared between several Christian churches and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for centuries.

It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions, such as the Holy Saturday ceremony of the Holy Fire celebrated by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.

East of this is a large iconostasis demarcating the Orthodox sanctuary before which is set the throne of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem on the south side facing the throne of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch on the north side.

Leo was eventually imprisoned by the Basil after the detection of a suspected plot, the imprisonment resulted in public rioting ; Basil threatened to blind Leo but was dissuaded by the Patriarch Photios.

Palamas's opponents in the Hesychast controversy spread slanderous accusations against him, and in 1344 Patriarch John XIV imprisoned him for four years.

In 857 AD Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople was sent in exile to the island, where he was imprisoned for 10 years before being re-elected as Patriarch in 867 AD.

One such person was the Armenian Patriarch ( Catholicos ) Narses who was first sent to this island before being imprisoned at Büyükada in the fourth century AD.

* Patriarch Gavrilo V of the Serbian Orthodox Church, imprisoned in Dachau from September to December 1944

The throne was vacant ; the great nobles ( boyars ) quarrelled among themselves ; Orthodox Patriarch Hermogenes was imprisoned ; Catholic Poles occupied the Moscow Kremlin and Smolensk ; the Protestant Swedes occupied Novgorod ; continuing Tatar raids left the south borderlands of Russia completely depopulated and devastated ; and enormous bands of brigands swarmed everywhere.

" He imprisoned Patriarch Aimery and other bishops and looted their churches.

To prepare for their arrival he imprisoned the Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, John the Oxite, turned St Paul's Cathedral into a stable and expelled many leading Christians from the city.

Reportedly, the Poles had imprisoned the leader of the Orthodox Church, Patriarch Hermogenes.

The Georgian Orthodox Church was also persecuted ; over 1, 500 churches and monasteries were closed or demolished and a number of clerics were imprisoned, including Catholicos Patriarch Ambrose who was arrested and tried for having sent a letter of protest to the 1922 Genoa Conference in which he described the conditions under which Georgia was living since the Red Army invasion and begged for the " help of the civilized world ".

He imprisoned the Greek Patriarch, John the Oxite, and converted the Cathedral of St. Peter into a stable.

One such person was the Armenian Patriarch ( Catholicos ) Narses who was first sent to this island before being imprisoned at Büyükada ( Pringipos ) in the 4th century.