The objective random-assignment is used to test the significance of the null hypothesis, following the ideas of C. S. Peirce and Ronald A. Fisher.

The objectivity of science lies not in the psychology of individual scientists, but in the process of science and especially in statistical methods, as noted by C. S. Peirce.

From 1890 on, he had a friend and admirer in Judge Francis C. Russell of Chicago, who introduced Peirce to editor Paul Carus and owner Edward C. Hegeler of the pioneering American philosophy journal The Monist, which eventually published articles by Peirce, at least 14.

His imposing contemporaries William James and Josiah Royce admired him, and Cassius Jackson Keyser at Columbia and C. K. Ogden wrote about Peirce with respect, but to no immediate effect.

Some important contributors to the field of experimental designs are C. S. Peirce, R. A. Fisher, F. Yates, C. R. Rao, R. C. Bose, J. N. Srivastava, Shrikhande S. S., D. Raghavarao, W. G. Cochran, O. Kempthorne, W. T. Federer, V. V. Fedorov, A. S. Hedayat, J.

* Peirce, C. S. ( 1883 ), " A Theory of Probable Inference ", Studies in Logic, pp. 126-181, Little, Brown, and Company.

* Peirce, C. S. ( 1876 ), " Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research ", Appendix No. 14 in Coast Survey Report, pp. 197 – 201, NOAA PDF Eprint.

A later propensity theory was proposed by philosopher Karl Popper, who had only slight acquaintance with the writings of C. S. Peirce, however.

Scholars who have talked about semiosis in their sub-theories of semiotics include C. S. Peirce, John Deely, and Umberto Eco.

* Semiotics according to Robert Marty, with 76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce

* Peirce, C. S., Bibliography.

* Peirce, C. S., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols.

* Peirce, C. S.

* Peirce, C. S.

* Peirce, C. S., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols.

* Peirce, C. S.

Other widely used pendulums of this design were made by Charles Peirce and C. Defforges.

Both Bruno de Finetti and Frank P. Ramsey acknowledge their debts to pragmatic philosophy, particularly ( for Ramsey ) to Charles S. Peirce.

This work demonstrates that Bayesian-probability propositions can be falsified, and so meet an empirical criterion of Charles S. Peirce, whose work inspired Ramsey.

Charles Sanders Peirce, who had read Kant closely and who also had some knowledge of Aristotle, proposed a system of merely three phenomenological categories: Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, which he repeatedly invoked in his subsequent writings.

* Charles Sanders Peirce, 1992, 1998.

The Essential Peirce, vols.

An innovator in mathematics, statistics, philosophy, research methodology, and various sciences, Peirce considered himself, first and foremost, a logician.

Peirce was born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

He was the son of Sarah Hunt Mills and Benjamin Peirce, himself a professor of astronomy and mathematics at Harvard University and perhaps the first serious research mathematician in America.

One of his Harvard instructors, Charles William Eliot, formed an unfavorable opinion of Peirce.

This opinion proved fateful, because Eliot, while President of Harvard 1869 – 1909 — a period encompassing nearly all of Peirce's working life — repeatedly vetoed Harvard's employing Peirce in any capacity.

Peirce suffered from his late teens onward from a nervous condition then known as " facial neuralgia ", which would today be diagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia.

Between 1859 and 1891, Peirce was intermittently employed in various scientific capacities by the United States Coast Survey, where he enjoyed his highly influential father's protection until the latter's death in 1880.

That employment exempted Peirce from having to take part in the Civil War ; it would have been very awkward for him to do so, as the Boston Brahmin Peirces sympathized with the Confederacy.

Peirce took years to write reports that he should have completed in months.

In 1885, an investigation by the Allison Commission exonerated Peirce, but led to the dismissal of Superintendent Julius Hilgard and several other Coast Survey employees for misuse of public funds.

The Charles S. Peirce Society was founded in 1946.

A theory of statistical inference was developed by Charles S. Peirce in " Illustrations of the Logic of Science " ( 1877 – 1878 ) and " A Theory of Probable Inference " ( 1883 ), two publications that emphasized the importance of randomization-based inference in statistics.

Charles S. Peirce randomly assigned volunteers to a blinded, repeated-measures design to evaluate their ability to discriminate weights.

Charles S. Peirce also contributed the first English-language publication on an optimal design for regression-models in 1876.

" This generation included distinguished artists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, T. S. Eliot, John Dos Passos, Waldo Peirce, Isadora Duncan, Abraham Walkowitz, Alan Seeger, and Erich Maria Remarque.

In 1909, Charles S. Peirce proposed a graphical notation of nodes and edges called " existential graphs " that he called " the logic of the future ".

* Peirce, Charles S. ( 1934 ).

Randomization is a core principle in statistical theory, whose importance was emphasized by Charles S. Peirce in " Illustrations of the Logic of Science " ( 1877 – 1878 ) and " A Theory of Probable Inference " ( 1883 ).

Peirce published the first full statement of pragmatism in his important works " How to Make Our Ideas Clear " ( 1878 ) and " The Fixation of Belief " ( 1877 ).

* Peirce, Benjamin ( 1878 ), " On Peirce's Criterion ", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 13 ( whole series ), v. 5 ( new series ), for May 1877 – May 1878, Boston: Press of John Wilson and Son, pp. 348 – 351.

While Peirce was making advances in experimental psychology and psychophysics, he was also developing a theory of statistical inference, which was published in " Illustrations of the Logic of Science " ( 1877 – 78 ) and " A Theory of Probable Inference " ( 1883 ); both publications that emphasized the importance of randomization-based inference in statistics.

Although better known for his astronomical and philosophical work, Peirce also conducted what are perhaps the first American psychology experiments, on the subject of color vision, published in 1877 in the American Journal of Science ( see Cadwallader, 1974 ).