Using first-hand remarks ( which would later be published in Philosophical Investigations, Culture and Value, and other works ), philosophers such as Peter Winch and Norman Malcolm developed what has come to be known as contemplative philosophy, a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the " Swansea tradition " and which includes Wittgensteinians such as Rush Rhees, Peter Winch and D. Z. Phillips, among others.

The Wittgensteinian philosopher Peter Winch discussed the paradox in The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy ( 1958 ), where he argued that the paradox showed that " the actual process of drawing an inference, which is after all at the heart of logic, is something which cannot be represented as a logical formula ... Learning to infer is not just a matter of being taught about explicit logical relations between propositions ; it is learning to do something " ( p. 57 ).

Peter McNamara, Margaret Winch )

In any case, it was certainly the position of latter Wittgensteinians such as Peter Winch, as well as other contemporary philosophers such as Heidegger.

* Peter Winch

* Value and Understanding: Essays for Peter Winch ( ed.

In 1993 he was appointed Danforth Professor of Philosophy of Religion at the Claremont Graduate University in California, and thereafter divided his time between Claremont and Swansea where, in 1996, he became the Rush Rhees Professor Emeritus and Director of the Rush Rhees Archives and Peter Winch Archives based in Swansea University.

His teachers at Swansea – J. R. Jones, R. F. Holland, Peter Winch, Frank Ramsey, and, most importantly, Rush Rhees inspired an untiring devotion to philosophy.

* Ludwig Wittgenstein, Vermischte Bemerkungen ( his personal notes taken 1914-1944 ) packaged as Culture and Value ( 1977 ), Peter Winch, trans.

Peter Guy Winch ( 14 January 1926, London – 27 April 1997, Champaign, Illinois ) was a British philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of social science, Wittgenstein scholarship, ethics, and the philosophy of religion.

* Culture and Value, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Translated by Peter Winch, Oxford 1980

* Philosophy as the Art of Disagreement On the Social and Moral Philosophy of Peter Winch by Lars Hertzberg

* Peter Winch by Colin Lyas

* Peter Winch 1926 – 97 by Rupert Read

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The " Metamagical Themas " columns ranged over many themes, and included, to name just three, one on patterns in Frederic Chopin's piano music ( particularly the études ), another on the concept of superrationality ( choosing to cooperate when the other party / adversary is assumed to be equally intelligent as oneself ), and one on the self-modifying game of Nomic, based on the way in which the legal system modifies itself, and developed by philosopher Peter Suber.

* 1946 – Peter Singer, Australian philosopher

Marx's biographer Francis Wheen considers the " history of the twentieth century " to be " Marx's legacy ", whilst philosopher Peter Singer believes that Marx's impact can be compared with that of Jesus Christ and Muhammad.

* Peter Gärdenfors ( 1949 -), philosopher and cognitive scientist

* 1805 – Peter Ernst von Lasaulx, German philosopher and writer ( d. 1861 )

Nomic is a game created in 1982 by philosopher Peter Suber in which the rules of the game include mechanisms for the players to change those rules, usually beginning through a system of democratic voting.

Peter Albert David Singer AC ( born 6 July 1946 ) is an Australian moral philosopher.

One of the notable popularizers of Speciesism is Australian philosopher Peter Singer – who had known Ryder from his own time as a postgraduate philosophy student at Oxford – in his Animal Liberation ( 1975 ).

Christian philosopher Peter Kreeft provides several answers to the problem of evil and suffering, including that a ) God may use short-term evils for long-range goods, b ) God created the possibility of evil, but not the evil itself, and that free will was necessary for the highest good of real love.

German philosopher Max Weber saw theodicy as a social problem, based on the human need to explain puzzling aspects of the world ; sociologist Peter L. Berger argued that religion arose out of a need for social order, and theodicy developed to sustain it.

Other biographers, such as Peter Ackroyd, have offered a more sympathetic picture of More as both a sophisticated philosopher and man of letters, as well as a zealous Catholic who believed in the authority of the Holy See over Christendom.

* Peter Verin, UVic's resident ' philosopher '

* Peter Abelard, philosopher

* Peter Abelard, French philosopher and logician

** Peter Geach, British philosopher

** Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher ( d. 1947 )

* Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher ( d. 1142 )

* July 20 – Peter Lombard, French scholastic philosopher ( b. c. 1100 )

The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics.

The moral philosopher Peter Singer, along with Kenneth Roth, has cited Israel's prosecution of Adolf Eichmann in 1961 as an assertion of universal jurisdiction.

In 1989, their performance in Zagreb started with the Serbian instrument the gusle and in Belgrade, the NSK philosopher Peter Malkar held a speech as a cynical parody of Slobodan Milošević's speeches in SAP Kosovo.

: " The previously unrelased track " Predictions of Fire " which Laibach readily contributed to this compilation functioned in an early version as background to a 1994 speech of the NSK philosopher Peter Mlakar and is followed by an ecstatic dance orgy.

* Peter of Candia also known as Antipope Alexander V, philosopher and scholar.

A famous poet and composer of songs, active in the early Middle Ages, was the philosopher Peter Abelard ( 1079 – 1142 ).

* Peter Lombard ( c. 1100 – 1160 ), a scholastic philosopher and bishop of the 12th century