The " Metamagical Themas " columns ranged over many themes, and included, to name just three, one on patterns in Frederic Chopin's piano music ( particularly the études ), another on the concept of superrationality ( choosing to cooperate when the other party / adversary is assumed to be equally intelligent as oneself ), and one on the self-modifying game of Nomic, based on the way in which the legal system modifies itself, and developed by philosopher Peter Suber.

* 1946 – Peter Singer, Australian philosopher

Marx's biographer Francis Wheen considers the " history of the twentieth century " to be " Marx's legacy ", whilst philosopher Peter Singer believes that Marx's impact can be compared with that of Jesus Christ and Muhammad.

* Peter Gärdenfors ( 1949 -), philosopher and cognitive scientist

* 1805 – Peter Ernst von Lasaulx, German philosopher and writer ( d. 1861 )

Nomic is a game created in 1982 by philosopher Peter Suber in which the rules of the game include mechanisms for the players to change those rules, usually beginning through a system of democratic voting.

Peter Albert David Singer AC ( born 6 July 1946 ) is an Australian moral philosopher.

One of the notable popularizers of Speciesism is Australian philosopher Peter Singer – who had known Ryder from his own time as a postgraduate philosophy student at Oxford – in his Animal Liberation ( 1975 ).

Christian philosopher Peter Kreeft provides several answers to the problem of evil and suffering, including that a ) God may use short-term evils for long-range goods, b ) God created the possibility of evil, but not the evil itself, and that free will was necessary for the highest good of real love.

German philosopher Max Weber saw theodicy as a social problem, based on the human need to explain puzzling aspects of the world ; sociologist Peter L. Berger argued that religion arose out of a need for social order, and theodicy developed to sustain it.

Other biographers, such as Peter Ackroyd, have offered a more sympathetic picture of More as both a sophisticated philosopher and man of letters, as well as a zealous Catholic who believed in the authority of the Holy See over Christendom.

* Peter Verin, UVic's resident ' philosopher '

* Peter Abelard, philosopher

* Peter Abelard, French philosopher and logician

** Peter Geach, British philosopher

** Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher ( d. 1947 )

* Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher ( d. 1142 )

* July 20 – Peter Lombard, French scholastic philosopher ( b. c. 1100 )

The moral philosopher Peter Singer, along with Kenneth Roth, has cited Israel's prosecution of Adolf Eichmann in 1961 as an assertion of universal jurisdiction.

In 1989, their performance in Zagreb started with the Serbian instrument the gusle and in Belgrade, the NSK philosopher Peter Malkar held a speech as a cynical parody of Slobodan Milošević's speeches in SAP Kosovo.

: " The previously unrelased track " Predictions of Fire " which Laibach readily contributed to this compilation functioned in an early version as background to a 1994 speech of the NSK philosopher Peter Mlakar and is followed by an ecstatic dance orgy.

* Peter of Candia also known as Antipope Alexander V, philosopher and scholar.

A famous poet and composer of songs, active in the early Middle Ages, was the philosopher Peter Abelard ( 1079 – 1142 ).

* Peter Lombard ( c. 1100 – 1160 ), a scholastic philosopher and bishop of the 12th century

( Hume 1974: 355-356 ) He also argues in brief against the idea that causes are mere occasions of the will of some god ( s ), a view associated with the philosopher Nicolas Malebranche.

American philosopher Michael Martin argues that it is not necessarily true that objective moral truths must entail the existence of God, suggesting that there could be alternative explanations: he argues that naturalism may be an acceptable explanation and, even if a supernatural explanation is necessary, it does not have to be God ( polytheism is a viable alternative ).

As a result, according to philosopher Steven Crowell, defining existentialism has been relatively difficult, and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy in itself.

American philosopher Alvin Plantinga offers a free will defence which argues that human free will sufficiently explains the existence of evil while maintaining that God's existence remains logically possible.

In her essay " Sophistry about Conventions ," philosopher Martha Nussbaum argues that Stanley Fish's theoretical views are based on " extreme relativism and even radical subjectivism.

* Gottfried Leibniz argues in his essay On Nature Itself that refusing to acknowledge an active force in things and instead " simply to absorb this force into a command of God ’ s-a command given just once in the past, having no effect on things and leaving no traces of itself in them-is so far from making the matter easier to grasp that it is more like abandoning the role of the philosopher altogether and cutting the Gordian knot with a sword.

Vitzthum argues that Bancroft was the historian as artist and philosopher.

In the essay " A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs ", philosopher Donald Davidson argues that malapropisms demonstrate that competence in a language is not a matter of applying rigid rules to the decoding of utterances.

Chilean economist and philosopher Manfred Max-Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature — part of the condition of being human ; poverty, he argues, may result from any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or unfulfilled.

Some argues that it was founded by the ruler of Venad Udaya Marttanda Varma ( a feudatory with capital at Kollam ) or by the Vedic philosopher Adi Shankara on the backdrop of the shivite revival among the vaishnavite Nambuthiri Community who are considered to be the ' Nampthali ' lost Tribe of the Jews or simply it is a derivation of the Saptarshi Era.

Another prominent position is that of philosopher Peter Singer, who argues that there are no grounds to include a being's species in considerations of whether their suffering is important in utilitarian moral considerations.

American Marxist philosopher Fredric Jameson argues that the condition of life and production will be reflected in all activity, including the making of art.

For instance, the religious philosopher Ninian Smart begins his Worldviews: Cross-cultural Explorations of Human Beliefs with " Exploring Religions and Analysing Worldviews " and argues for " the neutral, dispassionate study of different religious and secular systems — a process I call worldview analysis.

ISBN 3-902300-10-8, Austrian philosopher argues for Aldus Manutius ' authorship.

— The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Xenophanes of Colophon argues that fossils of marine organisms show that dry land was once under water.

Mario de Valdes y Cocom, a historian of the African diaspora, argues that the sloping arm of the chair also represents Monte le Verna, which Saint Bonaventure, a Christian Neo-Platonic philosopher, visited and was inspired to write his Itenerarium.

In his Poetics, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle argues that kinds of poetry ( the term includes drama, flute music, and lyre music for Aristotle ) may be differentiated in three ways: according to their medium, according to their objects, and according to their mode or manner ( section I ); " For the medium being the same, and the objects the same, the poet may imitate by narration — in which case he can either take another personality as Homer does, or speak in his own person, unchanged — or he may present all his characters as living and moving before us " ( section III ).

* Kuhnian: The philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn argues in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions with respect to the Copernican Revolution that people are unlikely to jettison an unworkable paradigm, despite many indications that the paradigm is not functioning properly, until a better paradigm can be presented.

He argues against the theory of Aristotle that the soul of man is his thought and that only the soul of the philosopher will be united, after the death of the body, with the active intellect.

In Book III of his Republic ( c. 373BC ), the ancient Greek philosopher Plato examines the " style " of " poetry " ( the term includes comedy, tragedy, epic and lyric poetry ): All types narrate events, he argues, but by differing means.

In his Poetics, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle argues that kinds of " poetry " ( the term includes drama, flute music, and lyre music for Aristotle ) may be differentiated in three ways: according to their medium, according to their objects, and according to their mode or " manner " ( section I ); " For the medium being the same, and the objects the same, the poet may imitate by narration — in which case he can either take another personality as Homer does, or speak in his own person, unchanged — or he may present all his characters as living and moving before us " ( section III ).

As the Wittgensteinian philosopher Gavin Kitching argues, however, constructivists usually implicitly presuppose a deterministic view of language which severely constrains the minds and use of words by members of societies: they are not just " constructed " by language on this view, but are literally " determined " by it.

The philosopher Jacques Barzun argues that Romanticism had its roots in the Enlightenment.