Among well known ( generally non-kabbalist or anti-kabbalist ) Rabbis who rejected the idea of reincarnation are Saadia Gaon, David Kimhi, Hasdai Crescas, Yedayah Bedershi ( early 14th century ), Joseph Albo, Abraham ibn Daud, the Rosh and Leon de Modena.

Saadia Gaon, who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century, ascribed it to the Maccabees themselves, disputed by some, since it gives dates as so many years before the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE.

Half a century later Rav Saadia Gaon, also of Sura, composed a siddur, in which the rubrical matter is in Arabic.

The most important writers are Yose ben Yoseh, probably in the 6th century, chiefly known for his compositions for Yom Kippur ; Eleazar Kalir, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century ; Saadia Gaon ; and the Spanish school, consisting of Joseph ibn Abitur ( died in 970 ), ibn Gabirol, Isaac Gayyath, Moses ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi, Moses ben Nahman ( Nahmanides ) and Isaac Luria.

Saadia Gaon, David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas, Maimonides, and Thomas Aquinas, to name a few, knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work, particularly Avicennism and Averroism, and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century, and taken during the Reconquista in 1492.

In the 10th century, Saadia Gaon wrote his commentary based on a manuscript which was a reorganized copy of the Longer Version, now called the Saadia Version.

Under the influence of the Arab grammarians, Rabbi Saadia Gaon ( tenth century ) made the Jewish study of Hebrew grammar almost scientific.

* Saadia Ibn Danan-Fifteenth century rabbi, poet, and Dayan in Grenada.

Tradition regarding the location of Caphtor was preserved in the Aramaic Targums and the commentary of Maimonides which place it at Caphutkia in the vicinity of Damietta ( at the eastern edge of the Nile delta near classical Pelusium ) and by the tenth century commentator Saadia Gaon and Benjamin of Tudela, the twelfth-century Jewish traveller from Navarre, who both wrote that Damietta was Caphtor.

It also has forced scholars to re-evaluate the relationship between Rabbanite Jews and Karaite Jews in the 10th century despite the writings of Saadia Gaon.

From at least the time of Saadia Gaon ( 10th century ), it has been customary to study one chapter a week on each Shabbat between Passover and Shavuot ; today, the tractate is generally studied on each Shabbat of the summer, from Passover to Rosh Hashanah, the entire cycle repeating a few times with doubling of chapters at the end if there are not a perfect multiple of six weeks.

Among well known Rabbis who rejected the idea of reincarnation are Saadia Gaon, David Kimhi, Hasdai Crescas, Yedayah Bedershi ( early 14th century ), Joseph Albo, Abraham ibn Daud and Leon de Modena.

The author refers, however, to the correspondence which was carried on when he was about twenty years of age between his teacher, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, and Saadia, before the latter's arrival in Babylonia, consequently before 928 ; hence Tamim was born about the beginning of the tenth century.

The statement cited by Saadia b. Danan ( end of fifteenth century ), according to which Muslims believe that Ibn Tamim was a convert to Islam, is erroneous, and is probably because Ibn Tamim is often quoted by Muslim writers.

* Saadia Gaon, Egyptian-born rabbi

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

Hoter ben Shlomo was a scholar and philosopher in Yemen heavily influenced by Nethanel ben al-Fayyumi, Maimonides, Saadia Gaon and al-Ghazali.

However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

His reasoning was adopted by many, most notably ; Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Saadia Gaon ( Jewish exegete and philosopher )

His were adopted by many including, most notably, early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

While refuting reincarnation, the Saadia Gaon further states that Jews who hold to reincarnation have adopted non-Jewish beliefs.

( Some claim this section draws heavily on Aristotelian science and metaphysics ; others suggest that it is within the tradition of Saadia Gaon.

Other signatories added their own touches, including Saadia Kobashi who added the phrase " HaLevy ", referring to the tribe of Levi.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identifies the definitive trait of " a cock girded about the loins " within Proverbs 30: 31 ( Douay – Rheims Bible ) as " the honesty of their behavior and their success ", identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use, within Judeo-Christian traditions.

In Yemen, however, rather than abandoning the Aramaic targum during the public reading of the Torah, it was supplemented by a third version, namely the translation of the Torah into Arabic by Saadia Gaon ( called the Tafsir, though this Gaon was born in prominently Jewish at the time Sura Iraq, Babylon, moved to Egypt, arguably lead those two communities, and died in Jaffa ancestral Israel, he was not known to have ever been to the Jewish villages of Yemen.

* Saadia Gaon compiles his siddur ( Jewish prayer book ) in Iraq.

Saadia Gaon's " Emunot ve-Deot " is an exposition of the main tenets of Judaism.

Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identified the definitive trait of " a cock girded about the loins " within Proverbs 30: 31 ( Douay – Rheims Bible ) as " the honesty of their behavior and their success ", identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use.

The sculptues were created by Costas Dikefalos, Thodoros Papayiannis, Yiorgos Tsaras, Vassilis Vassili, Christos Riganas, Kyriakos Rokos, Manolis Tsombanakis and Yiorgos Houliaras from Greece, Kyriakos Kallis, Nikos Kouroussis, Helene Black and Maria Kyprianou from Cyprus, Saadia Bahat from Israel, Victor Bonato from Germany and Ahmet El-Stoahy from Egypt.

Despite the rivalry of ben Naphtali and the opposition of Saadia Gaon, the most eminent representative of the Babylonian school of criticism, ben Asher's codex became recognized as the standard text of the Bible.

The oldest was an adaptation of Saadia Gaon's Arabic translation of the Jewish Torah.

Later Arabic translations also appeared ; one featured a further Samaritan revision of Saadia Gaon's translation to bring it into greater conformity with the Samaritan Pentateuch and others were based upon Arabic Pentateuchal translations used by Christians.

* Sefat Yeter, in defense of Saadia Gaon against Dunash ben Labrat, whose criticism of Saadia, Ibn Ezra had brought with him from Egypt ; published by Bislichs 1838 and Lippmann 1843.

Though he quotes Saadia Gaon's works frequently, he belongs not to the rationalistic school of the Mu ' tazili that Saadia followed but, like his somewhat younger contemporary Solomon ibn Gabirol ( 1021 – 1070 ), is an adherent of Neoplatonic mysticism.

In this work Saadia treats the questions that interested the Mutakallamin, such as the creation of matter, the unity of God, the divine attributes, the soul, etc.

Saadia criticizes other philosophers severely.

For Saadia there was no problem as to creation: God created the world ex nihilo, just as the Bible attests ; and he contests the theory of the Mutakallamin in reference to atoms, which theory, he declares, is just as contrary to reason and religion as the theory of the philosophers professing the eternity of matter.

To prove the unity of God, Saadia uses the demonstrations of the Mutakallamin.

Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph, was a Provençal rabbi, born at Lunel, near Montpellier, towards the end of the 13th century.

Abraham Joshua Heschel ( January 11, 1907 – December 23, 1972 ) was a Polish-born American rabbi and one of the leading Jewish theologians and Jewish philosophers of the 20th century.

Maimonides, a twelfth century rabbi, discusses Job in his work The Guide for the Perplexed.

The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th century chief rabbi of Prague.

The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th century chief rabbi of Prague, also known as the Maharal, who reportedly created a golem to defend the Prague ghetto from antisemitic attacks and pogroms.

Spitz argues that the punishment of the Mamzer has been effectively inoperative for nearly two thousand years due to deliberate rabbinic inaction ( with a few rule-proving counterexamples, including the 18th century Orthodox rabbi Ismael ha-Kohen of Modena, who decreed that a child should have the word " mamzer " tattoed to his forehead ).

A fifteenth century Spanish rabbi, Jacob ibn Habib ( d. 1516 ), composed the Ein Yaakov.

De Leon ascribed the work to Shimon bar Yochai, a rabbi of the 2nd century during the Roman persecution who, according to Jewish legend, hid in a cave for thirteen years studying the Torah and was inspired by the Prophet Elijah to write the Zohar.

* Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg, a 12th-13th century rabbi and mystic, founder of Chasidei Ashkenaz

* Petachiah of Ratisbon, a 12th-13th century rabbi, best known for his extensive travels throughout Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.

In more recent centuries, the duties of the rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the Protestant Christian minister, hence the title " pulpit rabbis ", and in 19th century Germany and the United States rabbinic activities including sermons, pastoral counseling, and representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance.

There were some rare cases of women acting as rabbis in earlier centuries, such as the 17th century Asenath Barzani, who acted as a rabbi among Kurdish Jews.

A teacher of the 3rd century, Rabbi Simlai, traces the development of Jewish religious principles from Moses with his 613 mitzvot of prohibition and injunction, through David, who, according to this rabbi, enumerates eleven ; through Isaiah, with six ; Micah, with three ; to Habakkuk who simply but impressively sums up all religious faith in the single phrase, " The pious lives in his faith " ( Talmud, Mak., toward end ).

Yair Chayim Bacharach ( 1639, Lipník nad Bečvou, Moravia — 1702 ) was a German rabbi and major 17th century posek, who lived first in Koblenz and then remainder of his life in Worms and Metz.

A prominent 19th and early 20th century rabbi, Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld, claimed upon Kaiser Wilhelm's visit to Palestine in 1898, three decades before Hitler's rise to power, he had a tradition from his teachers that the Germans are descended from the ancient Amalekites.

* Phinehas ben Jair, an early Jewish rabbi of the 2nd century

* Jacob ben Benjamin Cohen Poppers, German rabbi ; born at Prague in the middle of the 17th century

Bahya ben Joseph ibn Paquda ( also: Pakuda, Bakuda, Hebrew: ) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived at Zaragoza, Spain, in the first half of the eleventh century.

Abraham ben Judah ha-Levi Minz was an Italian rabbi who flourished at Padua in the first half of the 16th century, father-in-law of Meïr Katzenellenbogen.

Menachem Mendel Schneersohn ( September 9, 1789 – March 17, 1866 OS ) also known as the Tzemach Tzedek was an Orthodox rabbi, leading 19th century posek, and the third Rebbe ( spiritual leader ) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement.

:" Maharash " redirect here, for the 17th century Polish rabbi, see Meir Wahl

Much of this literature was collected around the beginning of the twentieth century by a Persian rabbi who had moved to Israel.

An important influence on Sephardic prayer and custom was the late 19th century Baghdadi rabbi known as the Ben Ish Ḥai, whose work of that name contained both halachic rulings and observations on Kabbalistic custom based on his correspondence with Eliyahu Mani of the Bet El yeshivah.

The tomb of Rabbi Judah ben Baba, a well-known rabbi from the 2nd century who was captured and executed by the Romans, is still standing and many Jewish believers come to visit it.

A rabbi at Mantua in the sixteenth century.