It is first attested by an inscription dated to 1224 or 1225 AD and by the Secret History of the Mongols, written in 1228 ( see Mongolic languages ).

He led two embassies to the Mongols: the first carried letters from Pope Innocent IV and the second bore gifts and letters from Louis IX of France to Güyük Khan.

The Jurchen-founded Jin Dynasty was defeated by the Mongols, who then proceeded to defeat the Southern Song in a long and bloody war, the first war in which firearms played an important role.

In the Middle East, the first use of the hand cannon is argued to be during the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Mamluks and Mongols.

Al-Hassan claims that in the Battle of Ain Jalut of 1260, the Mamluks used against the Mongols in " the first cannon in history " gunpowder formula with near-identical ideal composition ratios for explosive gunpowder.

During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.

Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the Silk Road to Tabriz, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.

The first recorded inhabitants of the area are some 50, 000 people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols in 1277, during the Southern Song Dynasty.

This is based on an old Mandarin civil service examination question that reads " Is the defense of Kai Feng Fu against the Mongols ( 1232 ) the first recorded use of cannon ?".

Rocket technology first became known to Europeans following its use by the Mongols Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan when they conquered parts of Russia, Eastern, and Central Europe.

The term " shamanism " was first applied to the ancient religion of the Turks and Mongols, as well as those of the neighboring Tungusic and Samoyedic-speaking peoples.

Much of this success in defense lay in the world's first use of gunpowder ( i. e. with early flamethrowers, grenades, firearms, cannons, and land mines ) to fight back against the Khitans, the Tanguts, the Jurchens, and then the Mongols.

In the 13th century, the first Mongols arrived, destroying cities and irrigation works.

* 1260 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

Y. pestis is potentially one of the first examples of biological warfare in history, when in 1347 plague victims were catapulted by the Mongols over the city walls of Caffa, a town currently known as Feodosiya located in present day Ukraine.

* 1260 – September 3 – The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking the first decisive defeat of the Mongols and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

* November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ( 30, 000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea ); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.

* September 3 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

While some military historians point out that leaving enemies in your rear is not generally wise, the Mongols proved that indirect attack, and bypassing weaker foes to eliminate the strongest first, is a devastatingly effective mode of invasion.

Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged them four years later.

In fact, the Jin use of cannons, grenades, and even rockets to defend besieged Kaifeng against the Mongols in 1233 is considered the first ever battle in human history in which gunpowder was used effectively, even though it failed to prevent the eventual Jin defeat.

The name " Buriyad " is mentioned as one of the forest people for the first time in The Secret History of the Mongols ( possibly 1240 ).

The first occupants of the area where Ulan-Ude now stands were the Evenks and, later, the Buryat Mongols.

Gunpowder was invented, documented, and used in China where the Chinese military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology ( i. e. rockets, guns, cannon ) and explosives ( i. e. grenades and different types of bombs ) against the Mongols when the Mongols attempted to invade and breach the Chinese city fortifications on the northern borders of China.

* 1268 – Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan demanding an acknowledgment of souzerainty and payment of tribute ; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.

* The Mongols invade the Seljuk sultanate.

* Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute ; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.

The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan ( r. 1206 – 1227 ), initially invaded the Jin Dynasty in 1205 and 1209, engaging in large raids across its borders, and in 1211 an enormous Mongol army was assembled to invade the Jin.

Nichiren's teaching was revolutionary, and the shogun distrusted him ; when Nichiren predicted that the Mongols would invade Japan, the shogun exiled him.

The Mongols, who controlled China at the time under the Yuan Dynasty, attempted to invade Japan twice in the 13th century, marking the key military events of the Kamakura period, and two of the very few invasion attempts upon Japan in the 2nd millennium.

* 1274: The Mongols of Kublai Khan try to invade Japan but are repelled by a typhoon.

The Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan attempted to invade Japan twice with enormous fleets ( of both Mongols and Chinese ), in 1274 and again in 1281, both attempts being unsuccessful ( see Mongol invasions of Japan ).

The Middle Ages in Romania began with the withdrawal of the Mongols, the last of the migrating populations to invade the territory of modern Romania, after their attack of 1241 – 1242.

Having only recently conquered two-thirds of what would one day be China, Genghis was looking to open trade relations, but having heard exaggerated reports of the Mongols, the Shah believed this gesture was only a ploy to invade his land.

Möngke concerned himself more with the war in China, outflanking the Song Dynasty through the conquest of Yunnan in 1254 and an invasion of Indochina, which allowed the Mongols to invade from north, west, and south.

This action led Uriyankhadai and his son Aju to invade Vietnam with 3, 000 Mongols and 10, 000 Yi tribesmen.

* 1299: Mongols invade Syria.

It was the first occasion they had been decisively defeated and failed to avenge such a loss, though the Mongols continued to invade Syria, Japan, India, Hungary, Poland and Southeast Asia for the next several decades.

The, also known as the First Battle of Hakata Bay was the first attempt by the Yuan Dynasty founded by the Mongols to invade Japan.

If the offer was refused, however, the Mongols would invade and destroy the city or town, but allow a few civilians to flee and spread terror by reporting of their loss.

This battle could have some historical basis as Mongols did invade Lithuania, but it happened in late 1230s and early 1240s.

The, also known as the Second Battle of Hakata Bay, was the second attempt by the Yuan Dynasty founded by the Mongols to invade Japan ; they had failed seven years earlier, in the Battle of Bun ' ei.